Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 20 no. 7 (2024)

A Catholic University’s Attitude towards LGBT Community and its Relationship to Religiosity and Gender Role Belief

Jerome Christian Balcita | Maverick Aeron DelaCruz | Reine Scarlet Caluya | Ivy Mildred Nieves | Viona Edel  Pahimna | Eloisa  Barbieto | Lady Valen Charon DelaPeña

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community undoubtedly face hate crimes and prejudice as they defy societal norms through their diverse sexual orientations and gender identities in a world where most people still hold onto their conservative views in the twenty-first century. Hence, understanding the impact of religiosity and gender role belief on attitudes is crucial, especially in a patriarchal, religion-shaped country. Therefore, this study aims to determine the attitude of Saint Mary’s University towards the LGBT community, in relation to individuals’ religiosity and gender role beliefs. Using descriptive-comparative-correlational research design, this study employed a questionnaire distributed to a total of 300 respondents in Saint Mary's University consisting of senior high school and college students, and faculty and staff. The data were then gathered and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Moreover, thematic analysis was used for the qualitative interpretation. Based on the result, the study found that the respondents' attitudes towards the LGBT community were positive, with high religiosity and very low gender role belief. Furthermore, both religiosity and gender role belief attained a significant relationship, a moderately low negative correlation and high positive correlation, respectively. However, gender and religious groups have different attitudes towards the LGBT community, while age and designation show no significant differences. Other factors that affect the attitudes of the respondents include personal opinion, principles and realizations in life, still unsure, environment, LGBT community itself, socio-cultural norms and traditions, and media. Henceforth, this study serves as a basis, promotion, and program proposal of school programs to support the community's third sex members' equality and access to opportunities in showcasing their talents and skills. The school program proposal is entitled Project BAHAGHARI (rainbow), intended to raise awareness for the Marian community through symposium and to showcase the culture and creativity of the third sex community through program.



References:

  1. A study on the Association of Perceived Spiritual Beliefs, Practices, and Well-Being of Breast Cancer Patients in a Tertiary General  Hospital. (2021). Acta Medica Philippina. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.3172
  2. Adolfsen, A., Iedema, J., & Keuzenkamp, S. (2010). Multiple dimensions of attitudes about homosexuality: Development of a  multifaceted scale measuring attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(10), 1237–1257.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.517069
  3. Age groups for surveys - SmartSurvey. (n.d.). SmartSurvey. https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/survey-questions/demographics/age groups
  4. Ayoub, P. M. (2019). How the Media Has Helped Change Public Views about Lesbian and Gay People. Scholars Strategy Network.  https://scholars.org/contribution/how-media-has-helped-change-public-views-about-lesbian-and-gay-people
  5. Baring et al. (2018). Filipino College Students’ Attitudes towards Religion: An Analysis of the Underlying Factors. Religions, 9(3),  85. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030085
  6. Baring, R. V. (n.d.). Contemporary engagements and challenges for Catholic Religious education in South East Asia. Animo  Repository. https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/faculty_research/3617/?fbclid=IwAR18ZpmZLeRvEd_-h7Cf5IKSHeDo34MgQ0a pfgOplO5qbzVeOVd7TDi-tA
  7. Bautista, D. (2017). Religious perspectives of Students in a Philippine Higher Education Institution. ResearchGate.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351345276_Religious_perspectives_of_Students_in_a_Philippine_Higher_Education_Instit ution
  8. Bautista, D. (2017). Religious perspectives of Students in a Philippine Higher Education Institution. 5. 327-334.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351345276_Religious_perspectives_of_Students_in_a_Philippine_Higher_Education_Instit ution
  9. Besen, Y., & Zicklin, G. (2007). Young men, religion and attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Men, Masculinities and  Spirituality, 1(3), 250-266. Retrieved from http://www.jmmsweb.org/issues/volume1/number3/pp250-266
  10. Blakemore, E. (2023, May 24). From LGBT to LGBTQIA+: The evolving recognition of identity. History.  https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/from-lgbt-to-lgbtqia-the-evolving-recognition-of identity?fbclid=IwAR2NT22J1ImXeGhIm-73U0kjatwYfHO2vx__Qi3H-deMazd3I1bNqbCswv0
  11. Brown, M. J., & Gladstone, N. (2012). Development of a short version of the gender role beliefs scale. International Journal of  Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120205.05
  12. Brown, M. J., & Henriquez, E. (2008). Socio-demographic predictors of attitudes towards gays and lesbians. Individual Differences  Research, 6(3), 193-202. APA PsycNet
  13. Bosson, J. K., & Michniewicz, K. S. (2013). Gender dichotomization at the level of ingroup identity: What it is, and why men use it  more than women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(3), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033126
  14. Camp et al. (2020). LGBQ+ Self-Acceptance and Its Relationship with Minority Stressors and Mental Health: A Systematic Literature  Review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2353–2373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01755-2
  15. Campaigning for global LGBT equality. (2023, July 6). Stonewall. https://www.stonewall.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/campaigningglobal-lgbt-equality?fbclid=IwAR2faDBlQf8YZTzV3VXNjol5uQ2z00AZsB4JdLwWZbSBxmBqrBGv0zTu-8A
  16. Campaigning for global LGBT equality. (2023b, July 6). Stonewall. https://www.stonewall.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/campaigningglobal-lgbt-equality?fbclid=IwAR27wHXTQT6-GcQo7FKjbmXrowGWQ9xaAG855xuTm4QcZdTCDpESWHsQSiU
  17. Cariñgal, K. S., Medina, Jr., M. F., & Umali, M. J. P. S. (2022). A Study on the Association of Perceived Spiritual Beliefs, Practices,  and Well-Being of Breast Cancer Patients in a Tertiary General Hospital. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(3).  https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.3172
  18. Chakraborty, A., McManus, S., Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., & King, M. (2011). Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of  England. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082271
  19. Copp, H. L., & Koehler, W. (2017). Peer attitudes toward LGBT-identified university students as mediated by demographic factors.  Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 21(4), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2017.1320697
  20. Corporativa, I. (n.d.). Ending stereotypes begins in the classroom. Iberdrola. https://www.iberdrola.com/social-commitment/genderstereotypes-women
  21. Creating safe, welcoming environments for LGBTQ students. (n.d.). Hey Teach! https://www.wgu.edu/heyteach/article/creating-safe welcoming-environments-lgbtq-students2104.html
  22. Croft, J. (2023, January 3). Females are more empathetic than males, study confirms. WebMD.  https://www.webmd.com/balance/news/20230103/females-are-more-empathetic-than-males-study-confirms
  23. DeCarlo, A. (2014). The relationship between traditional gender roles and negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in Greek affiliated and independent male college students. Theses and Dissertations. Retrieved from https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/1469/
  24. Decoo, E. (2014). Changing Attitudes Toward Homosexuality in the United States from 1977 to 2012. All Theses and Dissertations.  Retrieved from https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4091/
  25. Detenber, B. H., Ho, S. S., Neo, R. L., Malik, S., & Cenite, M. (2013). Influence of value predispositions, interpersonal contact, and  mediated exposure on public attitudes toward homosexuals in Singapore. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(3), 181-196. doi:  10.1111/ajsp.12006
  26. Dideriksen, C. (2018, August 2). We need open mindedness about sexuality — Equal Eyes. Equal Eyes. https://equaleyes.org/archive/2018/8/2/we-need-open-mindedness-about-sexuality
  27. Duhaylungsod et al. (2018). Attitudes Toward the LGBT: A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School  Department Iligan City National High School. Arts and Social Sciences Journal. 09. 10.4172/2151-6200.1000356.  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Attitudes-Toward-the-LGBT%3A-A-Research-Paper-to-the-DuhaylungsodMadrid/5f94c5bd59ba2979d5ff2747fd604779ac705657
  28. Ee, S. K. (2016). Factors Affecting Attitudes Toward Homosexuals Among Undergraduate Students in Malaysia.  https://cendekia.unisza.edu.my/neuaxis-e/Record/utar-2323/Details
  29. Eldridge, A. (2023, August 9). Pansexuality | Definition, Meaning, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.  https://www.britannica.com/topic/pansexuality
  30. Enriquez, P. a. L. (2017, December 15). How discrimination happens being LGBT and the experience of discrimination in access to  employment, and the labour market in the Philippines.  https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/41669?fbclid=IwAR2C79Y5tR4DGBo5ZpKAFnzZMAMmcw2XqeMPYMzMeJbGhCHk0D7NelnunQs
  31. Events celebrating Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, Expression, and Well-Being | Youth.gov. (n.d.). https://youth.gov/youthtopics/lgbtq-youth/events-celebrating-lgbt-identity?fbclid=IwAR1sbEeNuq0epw5NapFaWuZs1xZ9bo5BtUUmtTnnbSuHy8MB1ImKudbSU0
  32. Fabbi, Mark. “The Experiences of LGBTQ Faculty and Staff at a Diocesan Catholic University” (2021). Seton Hall University  Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). 2945. https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2945
  33. Felices, J. (2019, January 18). “True Color”: Level of acceptability The Grade 12 students of the LGBT community at Taytay SHS. https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/12299
  34. Feng, Y., Lou, C., Gao, E., Tu, X., Cheng, Y., Emerson, M. R., & Zabin, L. S. (2012). Adolescents’ and young adults’ perception of  homosexuality and related factors in three Asian cities. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(3), S52–S60.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.008
  35. Gegenfurtner, A., Hartinger, A., Gabel, S., Neubauer, J., Keskin, Ö., & Dresel, M. (2023). Teacher attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and  bisexual students: Evidence for intergroup contact theory and secondary transfer effects. Social Psychology of Education.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-022-09756-w
  36. Gender Identity & Roles | Feminine Traits & Stereotypes. (n.d.). Planned Parenthood.  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sex-gender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes
  37. Gutierrez, J. W. W. (n.d.). Campus Climate: College Students’ Attitude towards Homosexuality in Taiwan.  https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED611593
  38. Hallare, K. (2022, April 5). Study: Gender Stereotypes Still Prevalent In Phl Workplaces, But. . .. Study: Gender Stereotypes Still  Prevalent in Phl Workplaces, but. . . | OneNews.PH. https://www.onenews.ph/articles/study-gender-stereotypes-still-prevalent-in-phlworkplaces-but Hans, J. D., Kersey, M., & Kimberly, C. (2012). Self-Perceived origins of attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality,  59(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.638547
  39. Harper, Asya Brodsky & Douglas Bruce (2012) What’s Good About Being Gay? Perspectives from Youth, Journal of LGBT Youth,  9:1, 22-41, DOI: 10.1080/19361653.2012.628230
  40. Herek, G. M. (2002). Gender Gaps in Public Opinion about Lesbians and Gay Men. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(1), 40–66.  https://doi.org/10.1086/338409
  41. Herek, G. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey.  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Interpersonal-contact-and-heterosexuals%E2%80%99-attitudes-HerekGlunt/3e2dc5ecfbd1c06d1ea08210eee906d23a578b92
  42. Hirai, M., Winkel, M. H., & Popan, J. R. (2014). The role of machismo in prejudice toward lesbians and gay men: Personality traits as  moderators. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.028
  43. Home | Youth Engaged 4 Change. (n.d.). https://engage.youth.gov/basics?fbclid=IwAR2j8RT1GJLoRvoHwJpj7QOertjAYDntRcvSv Vc1ri1ZwIZDHMJkZKk5Uw
  44. Hughes, B. (2015). “Who am I to judge?”: How a Jesuit university addresses LGBT issues on campus. eScholarship, University of California Dissertation
  45. Investopedia. (2019, June 6). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/
  46. Isla, R. (2023, June 8). What is the SOGIE Bill and What Laws Protect Against Discrimination? What is the SOGIE Bill and What Laws Protect Against Discrimination? https://www.moneymax.ph/personal-finance/articles/lgbt-rights-philippines
  47. Ito, D. (2007). College students’ prejudiced attitudes toward homosexuals: A comparative analysis in Japan and the United States  (Unpublished master thesis). Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=sociology_the
  48. Iwasaki, Y., & Ristock, J. (2007). The nature of stress experienced by lesbians and gay men. Anxiety Stress and Coping, 20(3), 299– 319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701303264
  49. Interpersonal Contact and Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Gay Men: Results from a National Survey on JSTOR. (n.d.).  https://www.jstor.org/stable/3812722
  50. Jäckle, S., & Wenzelburger, G. (2015). Religion, Religiosity, and the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality—A Multilevel Analysis of 79  Countries. Journal of Homosexuality, 62, 207 - 241. APA PsycNet
  51. Journal of Homosexuality. (n.d.). Taylor & Francis. Journal of Homosexuality. (n.d.). Taylor & Francis.  https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wjhm20/59/1
  52. Kassel, G. (2022, June 21). What is ‘Internalized homophobia’? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-internalizedhomophobia?fbclid=IwAR3eCDU83HuvsS5MXSSbwq3kvvzq3A-_qPaCQYapFrGJT2xpWYUuaIv4S84#short-answer
  53. Katz‐Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., & Tsappis, M. (2016). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth and family acceptance. Pediatric  Clinics of North America, 63(6), 1011–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005
  54. Keiller SW. Abstract reasoning as a predictor of attitudes toward gay men. J Homosex. 2010;57(7):914-27. doi:  10.1080/00918369.2010.493442. PMID: 20665331. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2010.493442
  55. Kenton, W. (2022). Egalitarianism: definition, ideas, and types. Investopedia.  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/egalitarianism.asp
  56. Kimmel. M. S. (1997). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity. In M. M. Gergen  & S. N. Davis (Eds.). D Toward a new psychology of gender(pp.223-242).Florence,KY
  57. &Frances/Routledge. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-97379-006
  58. King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder,  suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-8-70
  59. Kite, M. E. (1996). Age, Gender, And Occupational Label: A Test of Social Role Theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(3),  361–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00305.x
  60. Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. (1986). Attitudes toward Homosexuality: assessment and Behavioral Consequences. Basic and Applied Social  Psychology, 7(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp0702_4
  61. Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (1998b). Do Heterosexual Women and Men Differ in Their Attitudes toward Homosexuality? AConceptual and Methodological Analysis. In SAGE Publications, Inc. eBooks (pp. 39–61). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243818.n3
  62. Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010b). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): a Five-Item measure for use in epidemological  studies. Religions, 1(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010078
  63. Kolde, K., & Benitez, D. (2017) l, “SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND  TRANSGENDER FOSTER YOUTH” (2017). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 462. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/462
  64. LGBT Rights by Country & Travel Guide | EqualDex. (n.d.). https://www.equaldex.com/?fbclid=IwAR2MomkY fliDjbRmfmITzBH2AAy2L1MrrQ1aZwkbetocuC5J48M-f6JqWY
  65. LGBT rights in Philippines | Equaldex. (n.d.). https://www.equaldex.com/region/philippines?fbclid=IwAR3jAXjOLd81iesbZEh_WgTP9sFzbzZdch1455jquA__npZJYm3ruB2kkg s
  66. Lin et al. (2016). Chinese college Students’ attitudes toward homosexuality: Exploring the effects of traditional culture and modernizing  factors. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13(2), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0223-3
  67. López‐Sáez, M. Á., Dauder, S. G., & Montero, I. (2020). Correlate attitudes toward LGBT and sexism in Spanish psychology students.  Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02063
  68. Loveyourself. (2020b). The history of LGBTQ+ visibility in the Philippines. LoveYourself Inc. https://loveyourself.ph/the-history-of lgbtq-visibility-in-the-philippines/?fbclid=IwAR092Kz_8DSEkoo3I1rZEgwo6C7uDWszqcBubilH6zBNlxlvESvKTiaGr9k
  69. Lyons, H., PhD. (2022, March 4). What is Internalized Homophobia? WithTherapy. https://withtherapy.com/therapist-insights/what is-internalized-homophobia/
  70. Machismo. (2023). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/machismo Marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 340– 360.
  71. McCombes, S. (2023). Sampling Methods | Types, Techniques & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/samplingmethods/#:~:text=Quota%20sampling&text=This%20is%20called%20a%20quota,prior%20to%20forming%20your%20strata   
  72. Merez, ABS-CBN News. (2018, May 9). PH among world’s most religious countries: study. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abscbn.com/news/05/09/18/ph-among-worlds-most-religious-countries-study
  73. Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2014). Predictive models of attitude toward homosexuality in heterosexual men. Universitas Psychologica,  13(4), 1395-1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-4.pmah
  74. Morales, H. R. (2023b, January 5). The ‘Golden Gays’ return to the stage in the Philippines. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/world/asia/philippines-elder-dragqueens.html?fbclid=IwAR2jC2xKM8D_5AgWIO0ANTqWx9bp0ncZbNLB0UdNmnsDP_fZlXG1au_DQ
  75. Morgan, B. L. (1996). Putting the feminism into feminism scales: Introduction of a Liberal Feminist Attitude and Ideology Scale  (LFAIS). Sex Roles, 34(5–6), 359–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01547807
  76. Morrison, K. (2012). School leadership and complexity Theory. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203603512
  77. Moral de la Rubia, J., & Valle de la O., A. (2014). Predictive models of attitude toward homosexuality in heterosexual men. Universitas  Psychologica, 13(4), 1395–1407. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-4.pmah
  78. Morrison, T. G., & Morrison, T. G. (2003). Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and  lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(2), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v43n02_02
  79. Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Emerson, E. (2010). Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample  of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2426–2432. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.178319
  80. Ng, C. G., Yee, A., Pathmawathi, S., Loh, H. S., & Moreira, P. (2015). Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Among Nursing Students in  a Public University in Malaysia: the Religious Factor. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(3), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-015-0182-0
  81. Nicolas Caballero, J. M., Wright, L. W., & Alessandri, M. (2002). The personality variable openness to experience as it relates to  homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v42n04_08
  82. Nierman et al. (2007). Gender Role Beliefs and Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Chile and the U.S. Sex Roles, 57(1–2), 61– 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9197-1
  83. Nierman, A. J. (2007). Gender Role Beliefs and Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Chile and the U.S.  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Gender-Role-Beliefs-and-Attitudes-toward-Lesbians
  84. OHCHR. (n.d.). Gender stereotyping. https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/gender-stereotyping
  85. Olson, L. R., Cadge, W., & Harrison, J. T. (2006). Religion and Public Opinion about Same-Sex Marriage. Social Science Quarterly,  87(2), 340–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00384.
  86. Ozcan, A., Ozdil, K., Buyuksoy, G., & Ozturk, G. (2021) The Attitudes of Nursing Students toward Gay and Lesbian Individuals in  Turkey: Stigmatization https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Attitudes-of-Nursing-Students-toward-Gay-and-in-OzcanOzdil/c414ba20975bc15176ef6a30410608ef6f822062
  87. Parrott, D. J., & Gallagher, K. E. (2008). What accounts for heterosexual women’s negative emotional responses to lesbians?:  Examination of traditional gender role beliefs and sexual prejudice. Sex Roles, 59(3–4), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008- 9436-0
  88. Pew Research Center. (n.d.). Millennials - Research and data from Pew Research Center.  https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/generations-age/generations/millennials/
  89. PRIDE and prejudice: Lies hound the Philippines’ queer Anti-Discrimination Bill. (n.d.). Pulitzer Center.  https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/pride-and-prejudice-lies-hound-philippines-queer-anti-discrimination
  90. Pew Research Center. (2020, August 14). United Methodists in US have become more accepting of homosexuality | Pew Research  Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/02/26/rift-over-gay-rights-comes-as-united-methodists-in-us-have-become more-accepting-of-homosexuality/
  91. Rainbow Project. (n.d.). Rainbow Project. https://rainbowprojecthk.wordpress.com/?fbclid=IwAR3hkPYcn6SxL20vyIBbhJYNEx0NETaqjZdwHxANLDjyBNbe2b_T8jpxRDk
  92. Ranada, P. (2019, May 31). Duterte implies being gay is a disease. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside track/231882-duterte-implies-being-gay-is-disease/?fbclid=IwAR1Tt26RPdG
  93. Redfern, C. (2022, August 1). ‘I’m scared every damn day’: In the Philippines, violence shadows trans lives. The Fuller Project.  https://fullerproject.org/story/im-scared-every-damn-day-in-the-philippines-violence-shadows
  94. Rey, A. (2019, September 30). Sotto: At least 15 senators oppose SOGIE equality bill.
  95. Reyes, M. E. S. (2019). Religiosity, gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays in the Philippines. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336069715_Religiosity_Gender_Role_Beliefs_and_Attitudes_Toward_Lesbians_and_Gays _in_the_Philippines
  96. Roggemans, L., Spruyt, B., Droogenbroeck, F. V., & Keppens, G. (2015). Religion and Negative Attitudes towards Homosexuals: An  Analysis of Urban Young People and Their Attitudes towards Homosexuality. YOUNG, 23(3), 254–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308815586903
  97. Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical  Psychology, 12(1), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
  98. Semlyen, J., King, M. J., Varney, J., & Hagger‐Johnson, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or  low wellbeing: combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888- 016-0767-z
  99. Simpson et al. (2016). ‘We treat them all the same’: the attitudes, knowledge and practices of staff concerning old/er lesbian, gay,  bisexual and trans residents in care homes. Ageing & Society, 38(5), 869–899. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1600132x
  100. Simpson, P., Almack, K., & Walthery, P. (2016). ‘We treat them all the same’: the attitudes, knowledge and practices of staff concerning  old/er lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans residents in care homes. Ageing and Society, 1-31. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/we-treat-them-all-the-same-the-attitudes-knowledge-and practices-of-staff-concerning-older-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-trans-residents-in-care
  101. Smith, T. W. (2014, November 1). Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights across Time and Countries.  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p93w90c
  102. Smith, T.W., Son, J., & Kim, J. (2014). Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights across Time and Countries. Williams  Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Public-Attitude-LGBT-Int-Nov-2014.pdf
  103. Stolz, J. (2010). A silent battle: Theorizing the effects of competition between churches and secular institutions. Review of Religious  Research, 253-276. Stolz, J. 2009b A Silent Battle. Theorizing the... - Google Scholar
  104. Stolz, J., & Chaves, M. (2017). Does disestablishment lead to religious vitality? The case of Switzerland. British Journal of Sociology,  69(2), 412–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12268
  105. Stoof, R. (2014). Gender and justification of homosexuality: A cross-national perspective on gender differences in attitudes towards  Students in Malaysia. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Factors-Affecting-Attitudes-Toward-Homosexuals-in-Ee Pua/1d5f17bdeafd5741b87a26fd72c4e151d5a6f27f
  106. Survey: Filipinos still believe gender stereotypes on breadwinning, unpaid care work but positive changes seen. (n.d.). Oxfam  Philippines. https://philippines.oxfam.org/latest/press-release/survey-filipinos-still-believe-gender-stereotypes-breadwinning-unpaid care-work?fbclid=IwAR1dB4vvJsxZZKlO6mRXZB4pQZXunwRzpxCmB-lWgxqavMbVvN_gqwt_lEQ
  107. Sustainable Development Goals | United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). UNDP. https://www.undp.org/sustainable development-goals?gclid=CjwKCAjwivemBhBhEiwAJxNWNwV8owQTdeQLNAv6CMSxHL0N7E
  108. Swank, E., & Raiz, L. (2010). Attitudes toward gays and lesbians among undergraduate social work students. Affilia, 25(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109909356058
  109. Taylor & Francis Group. (n.d.). Self-Perceived origins of attitudes toward homosexuality. Taylor & Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2012.638547
  110. Testbook. (2023, August 22). Difference between attitude and behavior: Know the differences. Testbook. https://testbook.com/key differences/difference-between-attitude-and-behavior
  111. The Council of Europe: guardian of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law for 700 million citizens - Portal - www.coe.int.  (n.d.). Portal. https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal
  112. The Fuller Project: Violence shadows trans lives in the Philippines — Pau Villanueva. (n.d.). Pau Villanueva.  https://www.pauvillanueva.com/trans-rights-ph?fbclid=IwAR224uzFUTHAB9K1XYELcdMh8TdfqpZ7vZnQGZzFt2Av1bJa878_a
  113. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination - Google Books. (n.d.). https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/The_Psychology_of_Prejudice_and_Discrimi/OUUCPQAACAAJ?hl=en
  114. Thoreson, R. (2023). “Just let us be.” In Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/06/22/just-let-us-be/discrimination against-lgbt-students-philippines
  115. Ting et al. (2016). Involving students in residence halls in Hong Kong. Journal of College Student Development, 57(3), 300–315.  https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2016.0035
  116. Ting, S. K. T., & Ying, C. Y. (2013). Culture dimensions comparison: A study of Malaysia and South Korea. Review of Integrative  Business & Economic Research, 2(1), 535-543. Retrieved from http://sibresearch.org/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/riber_k13- 189_535- 543.pdf
  117. Traditional and Progressive Male Gender Roles and their association with Private and Collective Self-Esteem. (n.d.).  https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=148676. Retrieved June 2019, from https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=148676
  118. Tu, J. W., & Lee, T. T. (2014). The effects of media use and interpersonal contacts on the stereotyping of lesbians and gay men in  China. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(7), 980- 1002. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2014.871904
  119. Verma, R. K. P. a. S. (2020). An Investigation on Brand Boycott: Understanding Negative Psychology of Consumers in the era of  Digital Marketing. www.abacademies.org. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/an-investigation-on-brand-boycott-understanding negative-psychology-of-consumers-in-the-era-of-digital-marketing
  120. Villines, Z. (2021, March 15). What to know about internalized homophobia. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/internalizedhomophobia?fbclid=IwAR3TxSPReX1oIiIHo2XgOkDuc8aovoKRCUQoe6
  121. Vincent, W., Parrott, D. J., & Peterson, J. L. (2011). Effects of Traditional Gender Role Norms and Religious Fundamentalism on Self Identified Heterosexual Men’s Attitudes, Anger, and Aggression Toward Gay Men and Lesbians. Psychology of men & masculinity,  12(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023807
  122. Wang, J., Häusermann, M., & Weiss, M. G. (2014). Mental health literacy and the experience of depression in a community sample of  gay men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.001
  123. We’re queer, we’re here: Queer and trans visibility at UBC. (2022, October 3). Student Services. https://students.ubc.ca/ubclife/were queer-were-here-queer-trans-visibility-ubc
  124. Weber, G. (2008). Using to numb the pain: Substance use and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Mental  Health Counseling, 30(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.30.1.2585916185422570
  125. WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2020, December 17). What is heterosexuality? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/sex/whatisheterosexual#:~:text=Heterosexual%20people%20are%20sexually%20or,or%20romantically%20attracted%20to%20men.  
  126. Wellman, J. D., & McCoy, S. K. (2014). Walking the straight and narrow: Examining the role of traditional gender norms in sexual  prejudice. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 15(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031943
  127. Whitley, B. E. (2001). Gender-Role Variables and Attitudes Toward Homosexuality. Sex Whitley, B.E. Gender-Role Variables and  Attitudes Toward Homosexuality. Sex Roles 45, 691–721 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015640318045
  128. Whitley, B. E., Kite, M. E. (2010). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. United
  129. Worthen, M. G. F. (2012). Gender Differences in Delinquency in Early, Middle, and Late Adolescence: An exploration of parent and  friend relationships. Deviant Behavior, 33(4), 282–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163962
  130. Wu, J. (2013, May 1). Attitudes towards sexual minorities among Chinese people: implications for mental health. PubMed Central  (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6735090/
  131. Yen, C., Pan, S., Hou, S., Liu, H., Wu, S., Yang, W., & Yang, H. (2007). Attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and related factors  among nurses in Southern Taiwan. Public Health, 121(1), 73–79. ://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.08.013

Tools


Copyright © 2025  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic