HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 23 no. 3 (2024)

Phonic Approach in Teaching Reading: An Experimental Study

Jezel Avila | Dhan Timothy Ibojo

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This thesis explores the effectiveness of the phonic approach in teaching reading to students. The study focuses on helping nonreaders in their reading proficiency. Ten seventh graders from Union National High School-Mt. Diwata Annex were the subjects in the study. Pretest was administered before implementing the reading intervention and administered posttest after the experiment. Pretest and Posttest were implemented through oral reading test using the passage from the Phil-IR Manual. After, results were compared to determine the achievements and improvement of the students. Students' competency level improved dramatically following the experiment, according to the data. There was a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest scores. These results imply that the phonic approach is an effective method for raising students' reading skills. Therefore, the study offers recommendations to language teachers on how to create teaching strategies that will improve their students' reading abilities. And this suggests that when teaching reading, teachers should think about including the phonic approach into their lessons. Additionally, this study adds to the expanding corpus of data on the efficacy of the phonic approach in reading instruction. All things considered, this study offers insightful information on how well the phonic approach works to help students improve their reading abilities.



References:

  1. Abd Kadir, N., Subki, R., Jamal, F., & Ismail, J. (2014). The importance of teaching critical reading skills in a Malaysian reading  classroom. In International Academic Conference (pp. 208-218).
  2. Akinchina, A.(2021). Reading Enhances Imagination. World Literacy Foundation. https://worldliteracyfoundation.org/reading enhances-imagination/
  3. Al Jafall, F.(2014). The effect of repeated reading strategy on oral reading fuency of a fourth grade student with reading difficulties.  109, 1-2
  4. Al Qunayeer,H.(2021). An investigation of the relationship between reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and English  language proficiency level of Saudi EFL Learners. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 12(2), 59-60.
  5. Al-Bataineh, A. T., & Sims-King, S. (2013). The effectiveness of phonemic awareness instruction to early reading success in  kindergarten. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 6(4), 59.
  6. Al-Bataineh, A. T., & Sims-King, S. (2013). The effectiveness of phonemic awareness instruction to early reading success in  kindergarten. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 6(4), 59.
  7. Anilkumar,P.(2014). Experimental research Method. Department of P G Studies and Research in Library and Information Science  Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. 
  8. Ateek, M. (2021). Extensive reading in an EFL classroom. Impact and learner’s perceptions. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics.  7(1), 109–131. Doi: 10.32601/ejal.911195
  9. Balinas,E., Rodriguez,J., Santillan,J., & Villena, Y.(2017) Remedial reading program of auf-ced: best practices and impact.  Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Education Conference (AECON 2017), 109
  10. Bevans, R.(2023). An introduction to t tests—definitions, formula and examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/t test/#:~:text=A%20t%20test%20is%20a,are%20different%20from%20one%20another.
  11. Bowers, J. S. (2020). Reconsidering the evidence that systematic phonics is more effective than alternative methods of reading  instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 32(3), 681-705.
  12. Caga, N. P., & Soya, N. (2019). English first additional language reading in senior phase: literature review. Journal of Emerging Trends  in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 10(5), 290–293.
  13. Carson, K. L. (2012). Efficient and effective classroom phonological awareness practices to improve reading achievement.
  14. Carson, V., Kuzik, N., Hunter,S., Wiebe, S. Spence, J., Friedman,A., Tremblay, M., Slater, L. Hinkley, T.(2015). Systematic review  of sedentary behavior and cognitive development in early childhood. Preventive Medicine 78, 115–122. 
  15. Claessen,M., Dzidic,P., Boyes, M., Badcock, N., Nayton, M., & Leitao,S. (2020). Educators’ perceptions of the impact of reading  difficulties for young people. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties. DOI: 10.1080/19404158.2020.1734952
  16. Cotter, J. (2012). Understanding the relationship between reading fluency and reading comprehension: Fluency strategies as a focus  for instruction. Education Masters, 224.
  17. Davis,Y., Datulayta, F., Dacalos, J., Cordova, B., Clerigo, K., Canoy, N., & Inocian, R.(2016) Effective Teaching Practices in Handling  Non Readers. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3) 50-61.
  18. Davis,Y., Datulayta,F., Dacalos,J., Cordova,B., Clerigo,K., Canoy,N., & Inocian, R. (2016) Effective teaching practices in handling  nonreaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 50.
  19. Delfi,S., Diah, FS., Jismulatif, J.(2019). An analysis of learners’ reading experiences developing reading interest. In Proceedings of the  UR International Conference on Educational Sciences, 701-709.
  20. Ebrahimi, M. R., Khoshsima, H., & Zare-Behtash, E. (2018). The impacts of enhancing emotional intelligence on the development of  reading skill. International Journal of Instruction,11(3), 573-586. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11339a
  21. Ehri, L. C. (2020). The science of learning to read words: A case for systematic phonics instruction. Reading Research Quarterly, 55,  S45-S60.
  22. Epcacan, C., & Epcacan, C. (2010). Socio-economic and culturel factors effecting self efficacy on reading comprehension. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 666-671.
  23. Eyorcadas, J. Reading Challenges and Strategies of Non-Readers.  https://www.academia.edu/37934120/Reading_Challenges_and_Strategies_of_Non_Readers
  24. Faliyanti, E. & Tanjung, A. (2020). Word search ultimate game toward student’s vocabulary mastery of the fifth grade students at  Muhammadiyah elementary school of metro. Intensive Journal, 3(1).
  25. Fernandes, R. A., Vidor, D. C. G. M., & Oliveira, A. A. D. (2019, September). The effect of noise on attention and performance in  reading and writing tasks. In CoDAS (Vol. 31, p. e20170241). Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia.
  26. Fernández Molina, J., & Tabuenca Cuevas, M. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review of the Research on Phonics in the English speaking World and in Spain.
  27. Ferolino, F.(2023) ‘Teachers’ teaching reading practices for nonreaders: Towards developing a teaching framework for reading.  International Journal Of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(5), 94. 
  28. Gatcho, A. & Guitierrez, M.(2018) Literacy education in the Philippines: A survey on what’s hot and what’s not. 12(2), 37-45. 
  29. Gedik, O. & Akyol, H.(2022). Reading Difficulty and Development of Fluent Reading Skills: An Action Research. International Journal  of Progressive Education, 18(1), 23. DOI: 10.29329/ijpe.2022.426.2
  30. Goctu, R. (2016). The impact of reading for pleasure on Georgian university EFL students’ reading comprhension (IBSU Case). Journal  of Education in Black Sea Region, 1(2) , 73-81. 
  31. Gonzales, W. (2019). English Learners Struggling with Literacy: Does A Spanish Literacy Intervention Enhance Outcomes? (Doctoral  dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago).
  32. Guiam,R.(2022) Rays of hope. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/156923/rays-of-hope
  33. Hanum, N.(2017). The importance of classroom interaction in the teaching of reading in junior high school. Graduate Program in ELT,  Universitas Negeri Malang. 2
  34. Hausheer, R., Hansen, A.D., & Doumas, D.M. (2011). Improving Reading Fluency and Comprehension among Elementary Students:  Evaluation of a School Remedial Reading Program. Journal of school counseling, 9, 3-4
  35. Hayward, D. V., Phillips, L. M., & Sych, J. E. (2014). Analysis of phonological awareness content in pre-service textbooks on the  teaching of reading. Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 38(1), 6-24.
  36. Hilhorst, S., Lockey, A., & Speight, T. It’s no exaggeration to say that reading can transform British society…. Hirsch, E. & Allison, C. (2020). Do your materials measure up?. The Learning Professional, 41(4), 28-31.
  37. Hlalethwa, B.(2013). Reading difficulties experienced by learners in the foundation phase in inclusive schools in Makapanstad.  Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa,
  38. Hoke, D. The Transformative Power of Reading Books: Impact on Personal Growth. https://medium.com/@deepakhoke987/the transformative-power-of-reading-books-impact-on-personal-growth-1ba0adba26c2
  39. Ismail, H., Syahruza, J.K., & Basuki. (2017). Improving the students’ reading skill through translation method. Journal of English  Education, 2(2), 124-131. 
  40. Jose, R. & Raja, W.(2011). Teachers’ role in fostering reading skill: Effective and successful reading. Journal on English Language  Teaching, 1(4), 1.
  41. Julianto,I.R. & Umami,A.S.(2023). The Role of the Family in Fostering Children’s Interest in Reading as an Implementation of Family  Literacy. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 11-15.
  42. Keskin, S. C. (2014). From what isn’t empathy to empathic learning process. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4932- 4938.
  43. Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342(6156), 377-380. DOI:  10.1126/science.1239918
  44. Kikuchi, S., & Hall, J. M. (2019). A Proposal for Teaching Writing in Foreign Language Classes in Elementary School through  Communicative Activities which Raise Phonemic Awareness (Doctoral dissertation, Iwate University). 21, 33.
  45. Kohzadi,H., Azizmohammadi,F., & Samadi,F. (2014). Is there a relationship between critical thinking and critical reading of literary  texts: A case study at Arak University (Iran). International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 3. 63-76.  doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.33.63
  46. Lozano, A. (2020). Phonemic Awareness. https://www.academia.edu/107633106/Phonemic_Awareness Mkhize, A. A. (2022). Exploring the strategies used by educators to teach learners presenting with reading difficulties.  Mkhize, A.(2022), Exploring the strategies used by educators to teach learners presenting with reading difficulties. 16.
  47. Mpofu, N., & Mavambe, T.(2023) Teachers’ Self-Reported Instructional Practices for Reading Comprehension Instruction to Non Readers. ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching, 2503 – 2291(10)
  48. Mulenga, S.(2017). An estabilshment of the grade four learners’ ability in reading appropriately phonic words in english langauge in  schools in Lusaka. http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/5541
  49. Paris, A.(2019). Phonics Approach in Teaching Reading. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6(3).  http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.739
  50. Peck, T. (2016). To teach reading and writing well: “Genre Awareness” in basic writing. Masters Theses.
  51. Phajane, M. H. (2014). Introducing beginning reading using phonics approach. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(10), 477- 483.
  52. Puranik, C. S., & Al Otaiba, S. (2012). Examining the contribution of handwriting and spelling to written expression in kindergarten  children. Reading and Writing, 25(7), 1523–1546.
  53. Purpura, D. J., Hume, L. E., Sims, D. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2011). Early literacy and early numeracy: The value of including early  literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy development. Journal of experimental child psychology, 110(4), 647-658. 
  54. Rasinski, T. (2014). Fluency matters. International electronic Journal of elementary education, 7(1), 3-12.
  55. Rohimah, S. (2021). Reading difficulties and factors affecting reading difficulties of students of grade 1 elementary school. LADU:  Journal of Languages and Education,1(5), 189—195.
  56. San Juan, R.(2019) DepEd welcomes PISA results, recognizes ‘gaps’ in education  quality.PhilstarGlobal.https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/12/04/1974229/deped-welcomes-pisa-results-recognizes-gaps education
  57. quality#:~:text=PISA%202018%20results&text=Among%2079%20participating%20countries%20and,students%20in%20the%2020 18%20PISA.
  58. Sayeski, K. L., Earle, G. A., Eslinger, R. P., & Whitenton, J. N. (2017). Teacher candidates’ mastery of phoneme-grapheme  correspondence: massed versus distributed practice in teacher education. Annals of dyslexia, 67, 26-41.
  59. Schaefer, M., & Wilsenach, C. (2023). Examining the bilingual phonological processing and reader profiles for (non) readers of three  consistent orthographies: evidence from South Africa. Reader Profiles in South Africa, 4.
  60. Sohn, E.(2020). It’s time to stop debating how to teach kids to read and follow the evidence. ScienceNews. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/balanced-literacy-phonics-teaching-reading-evidence
  61. Varao Sousa, T. L., Carriere, J. S., & Smilek, D. (2013). The way we encounter reading material influences how frequently we mind  wander. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 892.
  62. Wagstaff, J.(2020). Benefits of the Habit of Reading. Marriott Student Review, 3(4), 4.
  63. Yulia,A., Joshi, R.M. & Husin,N.A.(2021) Assessing the Effects of Books on Psychological Wellbeing in Malaysia. Learning  Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal 19(1), 87-101.