Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 46 no. 3 (2025)

Work Characteristics of Non-Teaching Personnel in the Division of Iligan City

Gina Llubit Caay | Enerio Ebisa

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study examined the work characteristics of 100 non-teaching personnel in the Department of Education, Division of Iligan City, for the School Year 2024–2025. The respondents were mostly female, married, and in the early to midcareer stage, with relatively limited years of service. Their overall responses rated their work characteristics as "strongly agree," suggesting a generally positive work performance and attitude. This indicates that the personnel demonstrated high levels of commitment, efficiency, and interpersonal adaptability in fulfilling their respective duties. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between gender and educational attainment, as well as between educational attainment and work quality, and between educational attainment and other work characteristics, specifically efficiency, timeliness, and interpersonal adaptability. Educational attainment also emerged as a significant predictor of most work characteristics, reinforcing the importance of academic background in shaping workplace behaviors and performance levels among non-teaching staff. These findings emphasize the potential benefits of promoting continuous education and professional development opportunities for personnel in the education sector. Interestingly, the study found that accuracy did not significantly relate to any demographic variable, suggesting that other factors—such as individual disposition, work environment, task complexity, or motivation—might influence this particular aspect of performance. The lack of correlation between accuracy and the demographic profile indicates the need for further investigation into other possible determinants. Overall, the study highlights the vital role educational attainment plays in influencing the quality and efficiency of non-teaching personnel's work, while also revealing gaps that could be addressed through targeted training, supportive policies, and workplace enhancements. These insights may help guide human resource development strategies and improve overall institutional performance by focusing on both educational advancement and non-demographic factors that impact job accuracy and effectiveness. Such an approach can contribute to a more dynamic, competent, and responsive educational workforce



References:

  1. Al-Hammadi, F. and Adnan, A. (2020). The moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between workplace learning and employees’ performances in the united arab emirates. European Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 6(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.26417/174lnd17e
  2. Alharthey,A.  M., Leong, Y., Said, M. F. M., and Chong, C. W. (2022b). An Analysis of The Perceived Factors Impacting Employee Satisfaction  and  Retention  in  Saudi Arabia’s Higher Education Sector. Advances in  Social Sciences  Research Journal, 9(6), 19–43. DOI: 10.14738/assrj.96.12406
  3. Anwar, K. and Qadir, G.H. (2017) A Study of the Relationship between Work Engagement and Job Satisfaction in Private Companies  in  Kurdistan. International  Journal  of  Advanced Engineering,  Management, and  Science,  3(12),  1102–1110. https://doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.12.3
  4. Arowolo, A. and Akinbo, T. (2022). Examining the effect of performance evaluation on employee job satisfaction in a federal government agency in nigeria. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2022/v16i4621
  5. Baltazar, M., Rosa, T., & Silva, J. (2018). Global decision support for airport performance and efficiency assessment. Journal of Air Transport Management, 71, 220-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.04.009
  6. Benedicto, H.R., & Caelian, M.V. (2021). The Influence of Work Ethics on Job Performance of Government Employees. Philippine Social Science Journal, 4(1), 71–80.
  7. Bautista, J. R., Ducanes, G., & David, C. C. (2018). Quality of Nursing Schools in the Philippines: Trends and Evidence from the 2010–2016 Nurse Licensure Examination Results. Nursing Outlook, 66(5), 511–517. 
  8. Biason, R. S.  (2020). THE EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION  ON  EMPLOYEE RETENTION. International Journal of Economics,  Commerce,  and  Management,  8(3). Retrieved  from:  https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/8330.pdf
  9. Bryson, J., Crosby, B., & Stone, M. (2021). Designing and implementing cross‐ sector collaborations: needed and challenging. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 647-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12432
  10. Cahapay, M. B. (2021). The Phenomenon of Leading without Guidebook: Educational Leadership Practices of Philippine School Principals in Virulent COVID-19 Times. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 9(1), 1–25. 
  11. Chae, H. and Choi, J. (2018). Contextualizing the effects of job complexity on creativity and task performance: extending job design theory with social and contextual contingencies. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(2), 316-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12204
  12. Chala, F. and Bouranta, N. (2021). Soft skills enhance employee contextual performance: the case of the maritime industry. Kne Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v5i9.9890
  13. Civil Service Commission. (2022). Annual report. https://www.csc.gov.ph
  14. Department of Education. (2011). DepEd Order No. 32, s. 2011: Policies and guidelines on training and development (T&D) programs and activities. https://www.deped.gov.ph
  15. DepEd Order No. 002, s. 2024. Immediate Removal of Administrative Tasks of Public School Teachers. January 26, 2024.
  16. Department of Education. (2015). DepEd Order No. 52, s. 2015: The Department of Education rationalization program. https://www.deped.gov.ph
  17. Department of Education. (n.d.). Gender and development (GAD) policy. https://www.deped.gov.ph
  18. De Leon, C.M.G., Rollon, J.J.P., Corpuz, J.T., & Desepida, M.C.L. (2022). Job Satisfaction and Work Values of Government Employees in Selected Municipalities of Cavite, Philippines. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 4(2), 298–306.
  19. Garcia, J. M. (2019). Perceptions on Workplace Safety and Work Engagement of Teachers in Public Elementary Schools.
  20. Krishnan, R., Koe, W., & Tan, N. (2018). The effects of job satisfaction and worklife balance on employee task performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i3/395
  21. Matošková, J., Bartók, O., & Tomancová, L. (2020). The relation between employee characteristics and knowledge sharing. Vine Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 52(4), 486-507. https://doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-05-2020-0092
  22. Mehmood, K., Jabeen, F., Iftikhar, Y., Yan, M., Khan, A., AlNahyan, M., … & Alhammadi, B. (2022). Elucidating the effects of organisational practices on innovative work behavior in uae public sector organisations: the mediating role of employees’ wellbeing. Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being, 14(3),715-733. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12343
  23. Mercado, R.K.C. (2023). Work performance of selected DepEd-sub-offices non-teaching employees: An initiative for institutional training scheme. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 9(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013
  24. Omrani, G. (2022). The effects of workplace bullying on task performance and job stress in saudi arabia. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 10(03), 315-333. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2022.103020
  25. Philippine Commission on Women. (2020). Women and men in the Philippines: Statistical handbook. https://www.pcw.gov.ph
  26. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2020). Improving human resource systems in the public sector (Policy Note No. 2020-10). https://www.pids.gov.ph
  27. Plimmer, G., Kuntz, J., Berman, E., Malinen, S., Näswall, K., & Franken, E. (2023). The negative relationships between employee resilience and ambiguity, complexity, and inter‐agency collaboration. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 82(2), 248-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12587
  28. Rumambi, S., Masengi, E., & Bogar, W. (2022). The effect of organizational commitment and work culture on civil servants public service performance in tomohon’s district office. Journal of Social Science, 3(2), 415-422. https://doi.org/10.46799/jss.v3i2.320
  29. Rafinda, A., Gál, T., Rafinda, A., & Purwaningtyas, P. (2021). The effect of financial incentives on task attractiveness and individual performance. Performance, 28(01), 54. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jp.2021.28.01.3667
  30. Riggio, R. E. (2018). Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315620589
  31. Reissová,  A.  and  Papay,  M. (2021). Relationship Between Employee  Engagement,  Job  Satisfaction  and Potential  Turnover. Temjournal,  10  (2)  ,  847‐852 
  32. Reyes, R. M., & Salazar, J. D. (2019). Cultural Sensitivity and Classroom Management of Teachers. Retrieved from ResearchGate
  33. Sasan, J.M.V. (2024). MATATAG Curriculum Rollout: Understanding Challenges for Implementation. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research, 11(1), 1–15.
  34. Sale, J. (2020). Collaborative governance, decent work and innovation: an analytical framework for sustainable workplaces based on the case of Philippine science and technology parks. World Technopolis Review, 5(1), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.7165/wtr2016.5.1.71
  35. Salazar, K. A., & Garcia, K. A. (2021). Teachers’ Workload Policy: Its Impact on Philippine Public School Teachers’ Effectiveness and Efficiency.
  36. Sekiguchi, T., Li, J., & Hosomi, M. (2017). Predicting job crafting from the socially embedded perspective: the interactive effect of job autonomy, social skill, and employee status. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(4), 470-497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886317727459
  37. Shillie, P. and Nchang, N. (2023). Influence of employee soft skills on job performance. Business Perspective Review, 5(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.38157/bpr.v5i1.530
  38. Spitzer, M., Musslick, S., Kiesel, A., & Dignath, D. (2022). Task performance errors and rewards affect voluntary task choices.. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3wd9r
  39. Tarrayo, V. N., Potestades, D. C., & Ulla, M. B. (2021). Research Engagement by English Language Teachers in a Philippine University: Insights from a Qualitative Study. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 21(3), 93–107.
  40. Tepayakul, R. and Rinthaisong, I. (2018). Job  Satisfaction and Employee Engagement among Human Resources Staff of Thai Private  Higher  Education  Institutions. Retrieved  July  6,  2022,  from  The  Journal  of  Behavioral  Science,  13 (2),  68-81. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/109260
  41. Vorina, A.,  Simonič,  M.,  and Vlasova,  M. (2022). An Analysis  of the  Relationship  Between  Job  Satisfaction and  Employee Engagement. Economic Themes, 55(2) 243-262.
  42. Xiang, Y., Vélez, N., & Gershman, S. (2022). Collaborative decision making is grounded in representations of other people’s competence and effort.. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gcnrq

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic