Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 46 no. 5 (2025)

Parental Involvement: Its Effect on the Academic Performance

Nashiba Pantao-o | Camilo Baldonado

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

The study investigated the effectiveness and importance of parental involvement in the academic performance of learners at Datu Macaorao Primary School in Marawi City and conducted during the School Year 2022-2023. The study aimed to determine the socio-economic profile of respondents, level of parental involvement, and the academic performance of learners. Results showed that parents exhibited a very high to high level of parental involvement, with significant associations between parental involvement and socio-economic profiles, particularly guardian type and education level. However, no significant correlations were found between parental involvement and learners' academic performance, except for a negative correlation between learning at home involvement and academic performance. The study concluded that parents' involvement in schooling is crucial for learners' academic success. Despite some socioeconomic factors influencing parental involvement, the study highlighted the importance of fostering collaborative relationships between parents and schools to improve academic outcomes. The findings have implications for educators, policymakers, and parents seeking to enhance parental involvement and promote academic excellence.



References:

  1. Abah, J. A., Age, T. J., & Okoronkwo, M. O. (2018). Returning responsibility to the home: outcomes of background checks on low and high achievers in middle basic mathematics in north Bank suburb of Makurdi, Nigeria. Journal Efficiency and Responsibility Education and Science 11(1), 29–37. doi: 10.7160/eriesj.2018.110202
  2. Abu Bakar, N.’a., Mohd Ayub, A. F., Ahmad, N. A., & Syed Abdullah, S. I. S.   (2021). Mathematics achievement: the relationship between student engagement, parental involvement, and peer       influence. International Journal of Academic Research in Business Social Sciences. 11(5), 496–513. doi: 10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i5/9973.
  3. Acabado, C. (2018). Impact of parental involvement on reading development of learners. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/Impact_of_Parental_Involvement  (Add full link if available).
  4. Acheampong, F. (2022). Academic achievement of low social-economic status (SES) of junior high school students. Open Journal of Educational Research, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.31586/ojer.2022.298
  5. Ackerman, A. (2013). Does parental involvement matter for student achievement and mental health in high school? Child Development, 84(5), 1467–1479. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12058
  6. Alam, S. S., & Dubé, A. K. (2023). How does the modern home environment impact children’s mathematics knowledge? Evidence from Canadian elementary children’s digital home numeracy practice (DHNP). J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 39, 1211–1241. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12795.
  7. Alampay, L. (n.d.) Parenting in the Philippines. Ateneo De Manila University (Research). https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/GetFinalFile.ashx.pdf
  8. Ali, N., Mukhtar, S., Khan, Y., Ahmad, M., & Khan, Z. U. (2022). Analysis of    secondary school students’ academic performance and parental involvement in children education at home. Obrazovanie i Nauka – Education and Science Journal, 24(9), 118–142.
  9. Al-Taneiji, S. (2008). Students’ perceptions of parental involvement      in United Arab Emirates Secondary Schools. Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 9(2), 89–105.
  10. Amadu, S. (2018) Improving early childhood development in rural Ghana through scalable low-cost community-run playschemes: Baseline Report. The Institute for            Fiscal Studies, London,
  11. Andrews, R., & Harlen, W. (2023). Issues in synthesizing research in education. Educ Res. 48, 287–299. doi: 10.1080/00131880600992330.
  12. Arce, R. (2019). Exploring parent and teacher perceptions of family engagement. International Journal of Teacher Leadership, 10(2), Article n2.
  13. Avnet, M., Makara, D., Larwin, K. H., & Erickson, M. (2019). The impact of parental involvement and education on academic achievement in   elementary school. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(3), 476–483. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i3.20249
  14. Barbarin, O. A., & Aikens, N. L. (2019). Socio-economic differences in reading trajectories: The contribution of family, neighborhood, and school contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(2), 235–          251.
  15. Bartoli, B., Joshi, C., & Wolf, S. (2022). Parental engagement in Ghanaian pre-primary schools: A mixed-methods study. International Journal of Educational Research, 112, Article 101926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101926
  16. Bartolome (2018). Parental involvement in the Philippines: A review of Literatures.
  17. Bartolome, M. T., & Mamat, N. (2020). Exploring parental involvement in early childhood education in the Philippines: A case study. The Normal Lights, 14(2), 170–194.
  18. Berkowitz, R., Astor, R. A., Pineda, D., DePedro, K. T., Weiss, E. L., & Benbenishty, R. (2021). Parental involvement and perceptions of school climate in California. Urban Education,56(3), 393-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916685764
  19. Bronckart, J. P. (2017). Contributions of Piagetian constructivism to social interactionism. In After Piaget (pp. 43-58). Routledge.
  20. Cheng, Y.-H., & Chen, Y.-C. (2018). Enhancing classroom management through parental involvement by using social networking apps. South African Journal of Education, 38(Supplement 2), 1–14.
  21. Chowa, G. A. N., Ansong, D., & Osei-Akoto, I.  (2012). Parental involvement and academic performance in Ghana (Youth Save Research Brief 12-42). St.  Louis,           MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.
  22. Cuartas, J., Jeong, J., Rey-Guerra, C., McCoy, D.  C., & Yoshikawa, H.  (2020).  Maternal, paternal, and   other caregivers’ stimulation in low- and- middle income countries. PLOS ONE 15(7): e0236107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236107
  23. Curtis, K., Anicama, C., & Zhou, Q. (2021). Longitudinal relations among school context, school-based parent involvement, and academic achievement of Chinese      American children in immigrant families. Journal of School Psychology 88, 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.07.002.
  24. Das, S., & Singh, M. (2019). Correlates of Academic Achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 21(3), 45–59.
  25. Editorial Projects in Education Research Center (2013). Findings from a national survey: Teacher perspective on the Common Core. Bethesda, MD: Author.
  26. Emeagwali, N. (2018). The relationship between parental involvement in education and academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 8(2), 241–256.
  27. Eniya, A. (2018). Parental involvement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis of studies in the United States. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(6), 890–905.
  28. Enih, F. N. (2018). The relationship between parental involvement and middle school student achievement in mathematics (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Southern University).
  29. Epstein, J. L., Galindo, C., & Sheldon, S. B. (2019). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (4th ed.). Corwin Press.
  30. Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Sheldon, S. B., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., Van Voorhis, F. L., Martin, C. S., Thomas, B. G., & Greenfeld, M. D. (2018). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. Corwin Press.
  31. Erdem, C., & Kaya, M. (2020). A Meta-analysis of the effect of parental involvement on Students’ academic achievement. Journal Learning and Development,7, 367–383. doi: 10.56059/jl4d.v7i3.417.
  32. Erol, Y. C., & Turhan, M. (2018). The relationship between parental     involvement in education and students’ engagement in school. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(5), 260–281.
  33. Fadiji, A. W., & Reddy, V. (2023). Well-being and mathematics achievement: What is the role of gender, instructional clarity, and parental involvement? Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1044261.
  34. Fayez, H.C. (2019). Parental involvement in relation to academic performance (Unpublished thesis) St. Peters College.
  35. Fiskerstrand, A. (2022). Literature review–parent involvement and mathematic outcome. Educational Research Review, 37:100458. https://doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100458  
  36. Froiland, J. M., & Davison, M. L. (2016). The longitudinal influences of peers, parents, motivation, and mathematics course-taking on high school math achievement. Learning Individual Differences, 50, 252–259. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.07.012.
  37. Goodall, J. (2018). Leading for parental engagement: Working towards partnership. School Leadership & Management, 38(2), 143-146.
  38. Gordon, M. S., & Cui, M. (2014). School-related parental involvement and adolescent academic achievement: The role of community poverty. Family Relations, 63(5), 616–627.
  39. Gordon, M. S., & Cui, M. (2018). The intersection of race and community poverty and its effects on adolescents’ academic achievement. Youth & Society, 50(7), 947-965.
  40. Guroo, T. (2018). Gender analysis of academic achievement among the high school students of Urban Srinagar and Rural Bandipora Districts. International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied        Studies, 5(1), 1–10.
  41. Harju-Luukkainen, H., Vettenranta, J., Wang, J., & Garvis, S. (2020).   Family related variables effect on later educational outcome: Afurther geospatial analysis on TIMSS 2015 Finland. Large-         Scale Assess. Educ. 8:3. doi: 10.1186/s40536-020-00081-2.
  42. Huang, F., Huang, Z., Li, Z., & Zhang, M. (2021). Relationship between parental involvement and mathematics achievement of Chinese early adolescents: multiple mediating roles of mental health    and mathematics self-efficacy. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health 18:9565. https://doi:10.3390/ijerph18189565  
  43. Ikhlas, M, F, & Mokhtar, M. (2022). Parental involvement towards students’ formation in daily secondary schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(2), 67–80.
  44. Jackson, C. K., & Karlsson, M. (2019). The effectiveness of early childhood interventions. Journal of Economic Literature, 57(4), 981–1024. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181391
  45. Jay, T., Rose, J., & Simmons, B. (2018). Why is parental involvement in children’s mathematics learning hard? Parental perspectives on their role supporting children’s learning. SAGE Open 8:2158244018775466. doi: 10.1177/2158244018775466.
  46. Jeynes, W. (2012). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of different types of parental           involvement programs for urban students. Urban Educ. 47, 706–742. doi: 10.1177/0042085912445643
  47. Jeynes, W. H. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban elementary school student academic achievement. Urban Educ. 40, 237–269. doi: 10.1177/0042085905274540.           
  48. Koepp, A. E., Gershoff, E. T., & Marteleto, L. J. (2022). Parent involvement and children’s academic achievement: Evidence from a census of public-school students in Brazil. Developmental Science, 25(5), e13214.
  49. Koepp, A. E., Gershoff, E. T., & Marteleto, L. J. (2022). Parent involvement and children’s academic achievement: evidence from a census of public school students in Brazil. Child Development. 93,       1744–1759. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13816.
  50. Kushwaha, A. (2023). Study of awareness about academic achievement of student teachers. International Journal of Field Methods Research, 5(5), 1–18.
  51. Lara, L.  & Saracostti, M.  (2019).  Effect of parental involvement on students’ academic achievement in Chile. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:1464. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01464.
  52. Maluleke, S.  G.  (2014). Parental involvement in their children’s education in the Vhembe District, Limpopo (Doctoral dissertation; University of South Africa, Pretori).
  53. Moon, C. Y. (2020). Examining mathematics achievement: An analysis of fourth and eighth grade TIMSS 2015 US data by ethnicity, gender, student bullying, parental involvement, and engaging teaching (Doctoral Dissertation).
  54. Moon, H. (2020). The impact of parental involvement on children’s academic achievement: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Educational Researcher, 49(4), 234–245.
  55. Mukhtar, S., Khan, Y., Ahmad, M., & Khan, Z. (2022). Analysis of secondary school students’ academic performance and parental involvement in children education     at Home. Educational Science Journal, 9(1), 118–142.
  56. Munthe, E., & Westergård, E. (2023). Parents’, teachers’, and students’ roles in parent-teacher conferences: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  57. Naite, I. (2021, March). Impact of parental involvement on children’s academic performance at Crescent International School, Bangkok, Thailand. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 690, No. 1, p. 012064). IOP Publishing.
  58. Nesbit, R., Paarlberg, L. E., & Jo, S. (2024). The decline of volunteering in the United States: Is it the economy? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 54(3), 000–000. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640241264264
  59. Ntekane, A.  (2018).  Parental involvement in education. Research Gate Journal.  DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36330.21440.
  60. Nyako, K., & Vorgelegt, V.  (2007).  Parental involvement:  A sine qua non in adolescents’ educational achievement. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) Ludwig Maximilians, University. http://edoc.ub.unimuenchen.de/8384/1/Nyarko_Kingsley.pdf
  61. Nyström, A., Jackson, C., & Karlsson, M. (2019). What counts as success? Constructions of achievement in prestigious higher education programs. Research Papers in Education, 34(3), 345–360.
  62. Oranga, J., Matere, A. & Nyakundi, E. (2023) Importance and types of parental involvement in education. Open Access Library Journal, 10, e10512. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1110512
  63. Orr, M. (2023). Exploring parental involvement in education: A case study of a rural school district. Journal of Educational Research, 116(4), 456–469.
  64. Otani, M. (2020). Parental involvement and academic achievement among elementary and middle school students. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(1), 1–25.
  65. Panaoura, R. (2021). Parental involvement in children’s mathematics   learning before and during the period of the COVID-19. Social EducationResearch, 2, 65–74. doi: 10.37256/ser.212021547.
  66. Park, D., Gunderson, E. A., Maloney, E. A., Tsukayama, E., Beilock, S. L., Duckworth, A. L. (2023). Parental intrusive homework support and math achievement: does the child’s mindset matter? Development Psychology 59, 1249–1267. doi: 10.1037/dev0001522.
  67. Paulynice, R. (2020). A comparative study on parental involvement (Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University). NSUWorks.
  68. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021). 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President.https://psa.gov.ph/population-and-housing/statistical-tables
  69. Piaget, J. (1972). Development and Learning. In LAVATTELLY, C. S. e STENDLER, F. Reading in child behavior and development. Hartcourt Brace Janovich.
  70. Pinatuli, L. L., Trinidad, C. G., Englis, G. C., Miñoza, J. R., Corriente, I. C., &   Trinidad, G. A. (2022). Parental involvement and academic performance of education students in a state university in the Philippines. International Journal of Science and Management Studies, 5(3), 95–99.
  71. Pratt, M. W., & Fiese, B. H. (2004). Families, stories, and the life course: An ecological context. In Family stories and the life course (pp. 15-38). Routledge.
  72. Rameli, M. S., Abdullah, M. S., & Ismail, N. (2022). Fifty years of parental involvement and achievement research: A second-order meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 37, 100463.
  73. Ranganathan, S., & Kavitha, V. (2022). Parental involvement in academic performance of children. International Journal of Education and Research, 10(1), 1–10.
  74. Rasool, S., Zhang, J., Aydin, H., & Halpern, C. (2021). The impact of South Asian parental involvement behaviors on children’s academic achievement: Instrument development and exploratory factor analysis. Educational Research and Development Journal, 24(1), 21–52.
  75. Rathore, M., & Sangwan, S. (2014). Academic performance of adolescents: An outcome of parental encouragement. Asian Journal of Home Science, 9(2), 484–490.
  76. Rodríguez Martínez, S., Piñeiro Aguín, I., Gómez Taibo, M. L., Regueiro Fernández, B., Estévez Blanco, I., & Valle Arias, A. (2017). An explanatory model of maths achievement: perceived parental involvement and academic motivation. Psicothema 29(2), 184–190. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2017.32
  77. Roy, M., & Giraldo-García, R. (2018). The role of parental involvement and social/emotional skills in academic achievement: Global perspectives. School Community Journal, 28(2), 29–46.
  78. Sahin, U. (2019). Parents’ participation types in school education. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(3), 315–324.
  79. Şengönül, T. (2019). Anne-Baba Đlgisinin Çocukların Okul Başarısı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(4), 67–82.
  80. Şengönül, T. (2019). Influence of parental involvement on school achievement of children. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27, 268–292. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.549463
  81. Sheldon, S. B. (2009). Parental involvement as a predictor of school success: The role of family and community partnerships. Journal of Educational Research, 102(6), 337–346.
  82. Sheldon, S. B., & Epstein, J. L. (2010). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (3rd ed.). Corwin Press.
  83. Shute, V., Hansen, E., Underwood, Jody S., & Razzouk, Rim. (2011). A Review of the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement. Education Research International, 2011(5), 1–13.
  84. Siahi, E. (2014). Socio-economic Status Study Habits and Academic Achievement. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 8(2), 25–39.
  85. Silinskas, G., & Kikas, E. (2019). Math homework: Parental help and   children’s academic outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 59, Article 101784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101784
  86. Silinskas, G., & Kikas, E. (2019). Parental involvement in math homework: links to children’s performance and motivation. Scandinavian Journal Educational Research 63, 17–37. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2017.1324901.
  87. Sohan, H. R. (2021). Parents’ perception towards setting children’s academic goals (Doctoral dissertation,          Brac University).
  88. Tang, T. T., & Tran, D. H. T. (2023). Parental influence on high school students’ mathematics performance in Vietnam. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19:em2249. doi: 10.29333/ejmste/13068.
  89. Tekin, A. (2021). Parent involvement revisited: Background, theories, and models. International Journal of Applied Educational Studies, 11(1), 1-13. https://search/epscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/
  90. Topor, D. R., Keane, S. P., Shelton, T.  L., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Parental involvement and student academic performance: A multiple mediational analysis. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 38(3), 183-197.
  91. Tudge, J. (2022). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1(4), 198–210.
  92. Veas, A., Castejón, J. L., Miñano, P., & Gilar-Corbí, R. (2019). Relationship between parent involvement and academic achievement through meta-cognitive strategies: a multiple multilevel mediation analysis. British Journal Educational Psychology 89, 393–411. doi: 10.1111/bjep.12245.
  93. Viljaranta, J., Silinskas, G., Lerkkanen, M. K., Hirvonen, R., Pakarinen, E., & Poikkeus, A. M. (2018). Maternal homework assistance and children’s task-persistent behavior in elementary school. Learning and Instruction, 56, 54–63. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.04.005.
  94. Wang, X., Du, K., Zhao, M., Ma, Y., & Zang, S. (2024). The power of supportive parenting on children’s mathematical performance: evidence from a longitudinal study. Scientific Reports, 14:23247. doi:       10.1038/s41598-024-73930-7.
  95. Wilder, S. (2023). Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: A meta-synthesis in mapping the field. (Routledge), 137–157.
  96. Wong, R. S. M., Ho, F. K. W., Wong, W. H. S., Tung, K. T. S., Chow, C. B.,     Rao, N., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2018). Parental involvement in primary          school education: Its relationship with children’s academic performance and psychosocial competence through engaging children with school. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(5), 1544–1555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-1011-2
  97. World Bank (2001). Implementation completion report for Chile: Primary education improvement project. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  98. Xu, J., Guo, S., Feng, Y., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Núñez, J. C., et al. (2024). Parental homework involvement and students’ achievement: a three-level meta-analysis. Psicothema 36, (1)–14. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2023.92.
  99. Yang, D., Chen, P., Wang, K., Li, Z., Zhang, C., & Huang, R. (2023).    Parental involvement and student engagement: A review of the literature. Sustainability, 15(7), 5859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075859
  100. Yu, X., Wang, X., Zheng, H., Zhen, X., Shao, M., Wang, H., & Zhou, X. (2023). Academic achievement is more closely associated with      student-peer relationships than with student-parent relationships or student-teacher relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1012701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1012701.
  101. Yulianti, K., Denessen, E., & Droop, M. (2021). Parental involvement in children’s education: A study on the role of parents’ education level and gender in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2(2), 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100036

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic