Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 48 no. 4 (2025)

From Schools to Societies: A Multiple Case Study on Campus Journalism Practices in State Universities and Colleges in Southern Philippines

Princess Driz | Maureen D. Aguisando

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

This multiple-case study examined campus journalism practices among state universities and colleges in Southern Philippines, focusing on how student journalists work, construct discourses, and navigate similarities and differences across institutional contexts. The objective was to understand publications as training grounds and arenas for democratic participation. Five student journalists participated with inputs from publication advisers. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and cross-case comparison. Thematic analysis identified journalism practices and discourse strategies, while triangulation enhanced validity. Results showed that journalism practices in state universities and colleges extend beyond routine processes. The recruitment process and structured editorial reviews are not only administrative requirements but also strategies to safeguard credibility in resource-constrained environments. Fieldwork and institutional collaborations revealed the balancing act between independence and administrative expectations. Discourse practices reflected adaptability, as students employed conventional structures like the inverted pyramid while also embracing flexible and bilingual forms to connect with peers and assert cultural identity. Editorials demonstrated cautious yet purposeful advocacy, signaling their role as watchdogs within contested institutional spaces. Thus, campus journalism in Southern Philippines is both fragile and resilient—sustaining standards, experimenting with discourse, and enabling young journalists to claim their voices in shaping institutional and social conversations in the region.



References:

  1. Abad-Dadayan, A. (2021). Campus Journalism Practices Among State Universities of CALABARZON.
  2. Advincula, A., & Adtoon, J.P. (2024). Narratives of Campus Publication Advisers: Challenges, Adaptations, and Student Engagement Post-pandemic. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Communication.
  3. Aguilar, J. (2021). Campus journalism as a watchdog: Student empowerment in Philippine universities. Philippine Journal of Communication, 5(2), 34–49.
  4. Alvarez, M. (2021). Experiential learning in student journalism: A Philippine perspective. Journal of Education and Media Studies, 9(1), 55–71.
  5. Andrada, P. (2023). Contextual practices of student publications in Southeast Asia. Asian Media Review, 11(2), 120–138.
  6. Ayieko, M.K. (2018). Citizen Journalism and Ethical Considerations Among University Students: A Case of The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya. Daystar University Repository.
  7. Babitzke, J. (2025). Editorial Introduction to the Volume: Social Dis/Order.
  8. Basilan, M., & Padilla, M.A. (2023). Assessment of Teaching English Language Skills: Input to Digitized Activities for Campus Journalism Advisers. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal.
  9. Bautista, L. (2023). Press freedom in campus journalism: A democratic necessity. Southeast Asian Studies in Education, 15(3), 201–220.
  10. Bawarshi, A., & Reiff, M. J. (2010). Genre: An Introduction to History, Theory, Research, and Pedagogy. Parlor Press.
  11. Berger, G., & Foote, J. (2017). Taking Stock of Contemporary Journalism Education: The End of the Classroom as We Know It. Journalism Courses.
  12. Bermudo, P. J. V., & Yango, A. R. (2021). Express or Suppress: School Administrators’ Understanding of Campus Journalists’ Freedom of Expression. International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences.
  13. Bernardo, M. A. C., & Howard, P. (2011). A tale of rhetoric and survival: A multisite-case analysis of student affairs within public universities in the Philippines. JATI – Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Malaysian Journal of Science
  14. Cano, E. (2024). Mastering TV Broadcasting: A Comprehensive Guide to Campus Journalism.
  15. Carey, R. L., Polanco, C., Blackman, H., & Daughtry, K. A. (2025). Community-Based Journalism Training and Campus Press Development.
  16. Carey, R. L., Polanco, C., Blackman, H., & Daughtry, K. A. (2025). Mentorship and Professional Development in Campus Journalism.
  17. Carvalho, A. (2008). Media (ted) discourse and society: Rethinking the framework of critical discourse analysis. Journalism Studies.
  18. Carlson, M., Robinson, S., & Lewis, S. C. (2018). Journalism Studies and its Core Commitments: The Making of a Communication Field.
  19. Cervantes, B.M. (2020). Implementation of Campus Journalism Act among the Public Secondary Schools in Region III: An Evaluation. Global Journal of Human-Social Science.
  20. Chua, M., & Luspo, R. (2014). The Role of Campus Journalism in Philippine Democracy. University Press.
  21. Chua, M., & Reyes, D. (2016). Campus Journalism and Social Activism: A Historical Perspective. Philippine Journal of Media Studies, 8(1), 34-51.
  22. Chua, M., & Santos, R. (2016). Comparing Campus Journalism in the Philippines and the United States: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Philippine Journal of Communication Studies, 10(2), 55-72.
  23. Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2013).  Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Successful qualitative research: 1-400.
  24. Cleland, J. A. (2017). The qualitative orientation in medical education research. Medical Education, 51(5), 456467. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13260
  25. Comparato, N. (2016). Combatting Institutional Censorship of College Journalists: The Need for a Tailored Public Forum Category to Best Protect Subsidized Student Newspapers.
  26. Consumido-Dijan, A. R. (2024). Digital Counter-Narratives: Comparing the Use of TikTok by Filipino and Indian Content Creators to Challenge Colourist Ideologies.
  27. Coronel, S. (2015). Investigative Journalism in the Philippines: Exposing Corruption and Government Abuses. Center for Media Studies.
  28. Coronel, S. (2018). Campus Journalism and Institutional Censorship: A Philippine Perspective. Journal of Media Studies, 10(2), 78-95.
  29. Coronel, S. (2017). From Campus Press to Professional Newsrooms: The Role of Student Journalism in Career Development. Journalism Studies, 18(4), 101-120.
  30. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design:      Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  31. Cruz, A. (2020). Resource limitations and creativity in student publications. Journal of Philippine Media Studies, 6(1), 77–89.
  32. Cruz, M., & De Vera, T. (2024). Blurring genres in campus journalism: Narrative experimentation in student media. Media Literacy Review, 8(1), 65–82.
  33. Cubillas, A. U., & Cubillas, T. E. (2022). Awareness and Compliance with Campus Journalism of Public and Private Elementary Schools: Basis for Crafting a Campus Journalism Implementation Program
  34. Culver, K. B., & Shepard, J. M. (2024). Student Activism vs. Student Journalism: Racial Justice, Free Speech, and Journalism Ethics in College Newspapers.
  35. Dagle, R. C. M. (2023). Of Media Shifts and Crises: Mapping Digital Journalism and Online News Deserts in the Philippines. International Symposium on Online Journalism.
  36. Daugherty, M., & Mason, D. (2024). Orient vs. Vietnam: The Role of Student Journalism in Shaping Public Opinion.
  37. David, R. (2017). Digital Journalism and Historical Documentation in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Media and Society, 5(2), 45-62.
  38. Deboeck, L. (2024). Precarious Adjuncthood and Care-Giving Solutions in Journalism Education.
  39. De la Cruz, R. (2022). Editorial review practices in Philippine student publications. Media & Society, 14(2), 93–110.
  40. Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., & Preet, R. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3).
  41. Diaz, E. (2024). Pluralism in campus journalism: Representing diverse student voices. Journal of Civic Engagement, 7(2), 143–160.
  42. Domingo, J. (2021). Inverted pyramid and beyond: Structuring student news writing. Journalism Pedagogy, 3(2), 101–118.
  43. Dos Santos, P. A. G. (2024). Review of Beef, Bible and Bullets: Brazil in the age of Bolsonaro. The Journal of Social Encounters.
  44. Dubree, W. (2024). Agenda Uptake in Local Media Ecologies: The Case of Campus Sexual Misconduct.
  45. Ekpo, U. O. (2025). Assessing the Impact of ICT Training on the Capacity Building of Student Journalists.
  46. Espadero, G. B. (2022). Implementation of Campus Journalism in the Division of Tandag City: Basis for an Intervention Program.
  47. Explained PH. (2025). On National Campus Press Freedom Day, RA 7079 remains timid. Explained PH | Youth-Driven Journalism
  48. Faith, B. (2014). Analysis of Students’ Involvement in Campus Press. Benguet State University Repository.
  49. Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Routledge.
  50. Feng, Y. (2024). Inside the Ivory Tower: How Student Journalists Reason About Ethics. Journal of Media Ethics, 15(1), 34-52.
  51. Flores, J. M., Sioson, N. A. G., & Uy-Ho, J. D. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Campus Journalism Training Programs in the Philippines. Journal of Media Studies, 11(2), 45-67.
  52. Flores, K., & Santos, A. (2023). Language adaptability in student publications: Youth perspectives. Asian Journal of Communication Studies, 12(4), 215–232
  53. Garcia, C. (2020). Fieldwork and ethical sourcing in campus journalism. Philippine Communication Research Journal, 4(2), 44–63.
  54. Garcia, R., & Lee, H. (2022). Balancing freedom and responsibility in youth journalism. Global Media Journal, 20(1), 77–95.
  55. Gonzales, P. (2021). Developing versatile communicators through section-specific writing. Media Education Review, 10(1), 35–52.
  56. Guo, J., & Chen, J. (2024). Being Present: Mobile Cinema in Kham Tibetan Areas. Springer.
  57. Gutierrez, M. (2024). Student press ethics in Philippine universities. Journal of Educational Communication, 9(2), 166–182.
  58. Hajijah, S. N., Fariza, M., & Lukita, C. (2025). Transformasi Digital UMKM di Wilayah Cirebon dan Somalia: Kolaborasi dan Inovasi untuk Pengembangan Pasar Global.
  59. Hapinat, H. L. (2023). Practices on the Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) Implementation in HEIs in the Philippines.
  60. Hanitzsch, T., & Vos, T. P. (2017). Journalistic roles and the struggle over institutional identity: The discursive constitution of journalism.
  61. Heckman, M. (2024). Student Media Advisors, Sexual Assault Coverage, and Mandatory Reporting under Title IX.
  62. Hennessy, M. (2024). A Comparative History of Campus Journalism and Political Engagement in the Philippines and the United States. Journal of Asian Media Research, 18(1), 32-54.
  63. Islas-Preciado, D., & Ramos-Lira, L. (2025). Intersectional Approaches in Journalism Training.
  64. Kueng, L., & Neuberger, C. (2023). Digital Journalism in Campus Publications.
  65. Lewis, R. (2015). Press Freedom and Administrative Control in Student Publications. Journal of Media Law & Ethics, 3(2), 57-74.
  66. Lewis, R. (2017). Governance Models of Campus Journalism in the United States. Journal of Student Media, 8(1), 45-62
  67. Li, Q., & Hui, G. (2025). Innovative Teaching Methods for Journalism Training.
  68. Limjuco, R. P. (2018). Campus Journalism-Related Factors and Journalistic Merits: Basis for Upgrading of the Student Paper in Response to ASEAN Integration 2015.
  69. Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage. https://doi.org/10.1016/01471767(85)90062-8
  70. Lisbo, K. C., Santillan, R. D. S., & Villanueva, L. B. (2024). Community Radio for Peacebuilding: The Case of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Southern Philippines.
  71. Liu, Y., & Sun, Y. (2024). Campus Journalism and Press Freedom: Challenges in University-Based Newsrooms.
  72. Lopez, F. (2021). Recruitment and professionalism in student publications. Philippine Journal of Communication Studies, 7(3), 121–139.
  73. Lorenzo, R. (2020). Responsible campus journalism in the era of disinformation. Communication and Society, 5(2), 58–74.
  74. Luciano, R. G., Bantug, E. T., & Santos, R. A. G. (2023). Analysis of the Student Affairs Services Assessment of the NEUST College of Information and Communications Technology Students.
  75. Mabalay, R. A., & Orzales, G. A. (2024). Assessing 21st Century Skills among Fourth-Year Teacher Education Students in the Philippines
  76. Macasiray, K. A. T., & Opiniano, J. (2022). The Voices of Students in the Learning of Journalism: Views from the Philippines. In Journalism Pedagogy in Transitional Countries. ResearchGate
  77. Mangompit, R. M., & Flores, J. (2024). Perceived Challenges Among Campus Press at the Height of the Pandemic. Journal of Open University Studies.
  78. Mapalad, G. (2024). The Digital Transformation of Campus Journalism in Philippine Universities: Opportunities and Challenges. Philippine Journal of Digital Media, 9(3), 88-102.
  79. Martínez, V., & Ortega, J. (2024). Social relevance in student media: Extending coverage beyond campus walls. Media Horizons, 6(2), 188–206.
  80. McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
  81. Mendoza, S. (2020). Persuasion strategies in student opinion writing. Youth and Media, 4(1), 22–39.
  82. Miller, C. R. (1984). Genre as social action. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70(2), 151–167.
  83. Molina, D. (2022). The precarious role of campus publication advisers. Philippine Educational Review, 13(2), 99–118.
  84. Ningtyas, T. R., & Amirudin, A. (2025). The Role of Digital Media in Enhancing Students’ Communicative Competence.
  85. Pacheco, E. P. (2024). Press Freedom and Censorship: A Comparative Analysis of Campus Journalism in Southeast Asia. Journal of Media and Law, 15(2), 71-90.
  86. Parico, A. D., & Namit, R. F. (2022). Paperless Publication: Surveying the Shifting Shape of Campus Journalism.
  87. Patt, D., Nickerson, C. A., & Ott, C. M. (2024). Navigating Ethical Challenges in Student Journalism.
  88. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
  89. Pedone, F., & Vantarakis, A. (2025). Social Media and Journalism Training: Challenges and Opportunities.
  90. Perez, L. (2023). Campus journalism and democratic participation. Southeast Asian Education Studies, 14(1), 67–85.
  91. Press, J. (2015). A Campus-Wide J-School: News Literacy as an Avenue for Journalism Schools to Connect with New Students and a New Generation.
  92. Press, J. (2015). Institutionalizing Ethical Standards in Campus Journalism: The Role of Media Training Programs. Journalism Ethics Review, 12(3), 67-81.
  93. Ramirez, J., & Castillo, N. (2023). Performance review systems in student publications. Journal of Educational Leadership, 8(3), 150–169.
  94. Ramos, K. (2022). Multilingual journalism in Philippine student publications. Journal of Cultural Communication, 9(1), 40–59.
  95. Ramos, A., & Suizo, C. (2024). Challenges, Adaptability, and Resilience of Campus Journalists Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Tertiary Education and Learning.
  96. Reyes, A. (2020). Nation-building and campus journalism: A democratic lens. Philippine Media Review, 8(1), 17–35.
  97. Reyes, C., & Antonio, R. (2022). Advocacy and caution in student editorials. Asian Journal of Democracy and Media, 6(2), 92–110.
  98. Reyes, D. (2015). Investigative Reporting in Campus Journalism: A Comparative Study of University Journalism Programs. Philippine Journalism Review, 9(1), 45-60.
  99. Reyes, D. (2016). Funding and Press Freedom in Campus Journalism: A Study of State Universities. Philippine Journalism Review, 9(1), 34-52
  100. Reyes, M., & Lopez, A. (2023). Leadership challenges in student-run media. International Journal of Student Communication, 5(3), 130–148.
  101. Reynolds, C. (2023). Toward an Ethics of Care in College Newsrooms and Journalism Education.
  102. Ridwan, A., Dani, V. R., & Mustafa, R. K. (2024). Interpreting Gender Equality and Women’s Position in Campus Journalism.
  103. Robie, D., Singh, S., & Seneviratne, K. (2024). Challenges for Campus and Community Media in Asia-Pacific Diversity.
  104. Rocina, M. J. A. R. (2023). De La Salle University-Dasmariñas’ Student Journalists’ Perspective on Campus Press Freedom.
  105. Samillano, A. Jr. (2025). Fight Fake News: The Role of Campus Journalism in Fact-Checking and Media Literacy.
  106. Santiago, B. (2021). Budgetary challenges in Philippine campus media. Journal of Policy Studies, 11(4), 213–229.
  107. Santos, E. (2024). Editorial oversight and fact-checking in student journalism. Journalism Studies Review, 9(1), 75–96.
  108. Sarmiento, D. (2023). Balancing independence and cooperation in student publications. Philippine Journal of Educational Policy, 12(3), 145–167.
  109. Segalovitz, Y. (2024). Editorial Independence in Campus Journalism: A Comparative Study of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan. Asian Journal of Communication, 12(4), 56-78.
  110. Shirazi, F. (2013). Social media and social movements: A Critical Discourse Analysis.
  111. Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2013). Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. Routledge.
  112. Siebert, F. S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1956). Four Theories of the Press. University of Illinois Press.
  113. Smith, M., & Krause, D. (2016). A Survey of Convergence in Missouri Higher Ed Journalism Programs
  114. Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple Case Study Analysis. Guilford Press.
  115. Tan, H. (2023). Structuring diversity: Journalism practices in student media. Communication Pedagogy, 8(2), 112–129.
  116. Taylor & Francis. (2013). Qualitative research: Exploring the meaning of human experiences. In Research methods in education (pp. 123-145). New York, NY: Routledge.
  117. Tomacruz, S. (2018). Does the Campus Journalism Act protect press freedom? Rappler.
  118. Torreano, J., Ilse, W., & McCook, N. (2024). The Impact of Budget Cuts on Campus Journalism.
  119. Torres, I. (2021). Defending press freedom in academic institutions. Media and Civic Engagement, 7(1), 83–102.
  120. Tuazon, R. R. (2014). The Philippine Press: Colonial Influence to Modern Democracy. Manila: National Press Institute.
  121. Tuazon, R. R. (2021). Press Freedom under Martial Law: Challenges and Resilience. Asian Journal of Media Studies, 12(1), 67-84.
  122. Wall, M. (2015). Change the Space, Change the Practice? Re-imagining Journalism Education with the Pop-Up Newsroom. Journalism Practice, 9(2), 145–162.
  123. Untalan, C., & Redublo, M. A. (2019). Performance of Secondary School Publications in Calapan City: Basis for a Campus Journalism Development Plan
  124. Van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse analysis.
  125. Velasco, J. (2021). Campus journalism ethics and trust-building. Philippine Communication Journal, 5(3), 51–70.
  126. Velasquez, P. (2024). Institutional pressures and media freedom in Philippine universities. Southeast Asian Media Studies, 16(2), 200–219.
  127. Villanueva, L. (2022). Negotiated autonomy in campus journalism. Philippine Education and Society, 9(2), 134–150.
  128. Vinluanjoel, A. T. (2025). Ano Na Ang Balita?: The State of Journalism Education in the Philippines over a decade. Medium. Medium
  129. Westerman, D., & Spence, P. R. (2014). Social media as an information source: Recency of updates and credibility of information. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 171-183.
  130. Yap, D. (2022). Digital transitions in campus journalism: Opportunities and challenges. Asian Journal of New Media, 7(1), 89–108.
  131. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
  132. Zhang, X., & Xin, W. (2024). New Media Perspectives on Campus Journalism and University Branding.
  133. Zhang, X., & Xin, W. (2024). Digital Journalism and the Challenges of Misinformation.

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic