Home⇛LPU-St. Cabrini Journal of Allied Medicine⇛vol. 6 no. 1 (2024)

Assessment in the Self – Management of Diabetic Patients in Calamba City, Laguna

Angelica Claire Rivera | Cattleya Joy Salazar | Gia Morainne Sulit | Kristine Joyce Valencia

Discipline: health sciences (non-specific)

 

Abstract:

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health concern, affecting approximately 537 million adults worldwide in 2021. In the Philippines, it is among the leading causes of mortality, underscoring the need for effective long-term disease management. The COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted healthcare access and daily routines, potentially influencing diabetes selfmanagement practices. This study assessed the self-management behaviors of diabetic patients in Calamba City, Laguna during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it examined selfmanagement in terms of diet, pharmacological adherence, physical activity, and glucose monitoring, and determined differences when grouped by age, body mass index (BMI), and sex. A descriptive research design was utilized, involving 64 diabetic patients selected through convenience sampling. Data was collected using an adapted and modified questionnaire from related studies. Findings revealed that patients frequently practiced dietary modifications, engaged in physical activities, and monitored blood glucose levels through laboratory visits or self-monitoring. However, pharmacological management was only sometimes adhered to, indicating inconsistencies in medication compliance. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in self-management practices when grouped by sex and BMI. In contrast, significant differences were observed across age groups, suggesting that age influences diabetes selfmanagement behaviors. The study concludes that while patients demonstrate adequate engagement in certain self-management practices, gaps remain in medication adherence. Further research with a broader scope and additional variables is recommended to better understand barriers to effective diabetes management and to enhance healthcare interventions, particularly during public health crises.



References:

  1. Abdulghani, H. M., AlRajeh, A. S., AlSalman, B. H., AlTurki, L. S., AlNajashi, N. S., Irshad, M., Alharbi, K. S., Albalawi, Y. a. S., Alsuliman, Y. A., & Ahmad, T. (2018). Prevalence of diabetic comorbidities and knowledge and practices of foot care among diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 11, 417–425. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s171526
  2. American Diabetes Association (2007). American Diabetes Association Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17192379/
  3. Aminde, L. N., Tindong, M., Ngwasiri, C., Aminde, J. A., Njim, T., Fondong, A., & Takah, N. F. (2019). Adherence to antidiabetic medication and factors associated with nonadherence among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in two regional hospitals in Cameroon. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0360-9
  4. Arcellana, A. E., & Jimeno, C. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities for Diabetes Care in the Philippines in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 35(1), 55–57. https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.035.01.04 
  5. Atinga, R. A., Yarney, L., & Gavu, N. M. (2018). Factors influencing long-term medication nonadherence among diabetes and hypertensive patients in Ghana: A qualitative investigation. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0193995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193995
  6. Banerjee, M., Chakraborty, S., & Pal, R. (2020). Diabetes self-management amid COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes &Amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &Amp; Reviews, 14(4), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.013
  7. Caperon, L., Arjyal, A., Puja, K. C., Kuikel, J., Newell, J. L., Peters, R. J., Prestwich, A., & King, R. L. (2019). Developing a socio-ecological model of dietary behaviour for people living with diabetes or high blood glucose levels in urban Nepal: A qualitative investigation. PLOS ONE, 14(3), e0214142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214142
  8. Duan, Y., Wagner, P., Zhang, R., Wulff, H., & Brehm, W. (2018). Physical activity areas in urban parks and their use by the elderly from two cities in China and Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 178, 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.009
  9. Eala, M. A. B., Besa, J. J. V., Mag-usara, R. C. Q., Arcellana, A. E. S., & Jimeno, C. A. (2022). Access to insulin and diabetes care in the Philippines. The Lancet Diabetes &Amp; Endocrinology, 10(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00309-0
  10. Enyew, A., Nigussie, K., Mihrete, T., Jemal, M., Kedir, S., Alemu, E., & Mohammed, B. (2023). Prevalence and associated factors of physical inactivity among adult diabetes mellitus patients in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26895-4
  11. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. (2020). FDA_Circular_2020-007 Guidelines in the implementation of the use of electronic means of prescription for drugs for the benefit of individuals vulnerable to COVID-19. Department of Education. https://www.deped.gov.ph/covid-19/fda-issuances/fda_circular_2020-007-guidelines-in-the-implementation-of-the-use-of-electronic-means-of-prescription-for-drugs-for-the-benefit-of-individuals-vulnerable-to-covid-19/
  12. Ghosh, A., Arora, B., Gupta, R., Anoop, S., & Misra, A. (2020). Effects of nationwide lockdown during COVID-19 epidemic on lifestyle and other medical issues of patients with type 2 diabetes in north India. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14(5), 917–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.044
  13. International Diabetes Federation. (2021). Diabetes now affects one in 10 adults worldwide - International Diabetes Federation. https://idf.org/news/diabetes-now-affects-one-in-10-adults-worldwide/
  14. Ismed, Y. (2021). Effectiveness of Insulin plant in Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Eureka Herba Indonesia, 3(1), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v3i1.45
  15. Jeong, I.-K., Yoon, K. H., & Lee, M. K. (2020). Diabetes and COVID-19: Global and regional perspectives. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 166, 108303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108303 
  16. Kim, E. (2013, November 7). Association between diabetes-related factors and clinical periodontal parameters in type-2 diabetes mellitus - BMC Oral Health. BioMed Central. https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-13-64
  17. Lashkarbolouk, N., Mazandarani, M., Pourghazi, F., Eslami, M., Khonsari, N. M., Ghonbalani, Z. N., Ejtahed, H., & Qorbani, M. (2022). How did lockdown and social distancing policies change the eating habits of diabetic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1002665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1002665
  18. Longo, M., Bellastella, G., Maiorino, M. I., Meier, J. J., Esposito, K., & Giugliano, D. (2019). Diabetes and Aging: From Treatment Goals to Pharmacologic Therapy. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00045
  19. Madjos, G. G., & Ramos, K. P. (2021). Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines. Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 12(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.2021.12.01.05
  20. Montero, J., & Geducos, D. T. (2021). Ethnomedicinal plants used by the local folks in two selected villages of San   Miguel, Surigao del Sur,. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349117488_Ethnomedicinal_plants_used_ by_the_local_folks_in_two_selected_villages_of_San_Miguel_Surigao_del_Sur_Min danao_Philippines?enrichId=rgreqafc9f88c25471a18e998f8d39d98f8dbXXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM0OTExNzQ4ODtBUzo5ODg5NDI2NTY2MDIxMTRAMTYxMjc5MzcxMTQzOQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf 
  21. Olfert, M. D., Barr, M. L., Charlier, C. C., Greene, G. W., Zhou, W., & Colby, S. E. (2019). Sex Differences in Lifestyle Behaviors among U.S. College Freshmen. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030482 
  22. Paquet, C. (2019, October 1). The big challenge is to improve poor countries’ healthcare systems. Agence Française de Développement (AFD). https://www.afd.fr/en/news/big-challenge-improve-poor-countries-healthcare-systems-christophe-paquet
  23. Petersmann, A., Müller-Wieland, D., Müller, U. A., Landgraf, R., Nauck, M., Freckmann, G., Heinemann, L., & Schleicher, E. (2019). Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology &Amp; Diabetes, 127(S 01), S1–S7. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1018-9078
  24. Phan, L. M. T., Vo, T. A. T., Hoang, T. X., Selvam, S. P., Pham, H. L., Kim, J. Y., & Cho, S. (2021). Trending Technology of Glucose Monitoring during COVID‐19 Pandemic: Challenges in Personalized Healthcare. Advanced Materials Technologies,  6(9), 2100020. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202100020
  25. Philippines Statistics Authority. (2022, May). PRESS RELEASE: 2022 Causes of Deaths in the Philippines as of 31 March 2022  [Press     release]. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Relea se_2022%20Cause%20of%20Death%20Statistics%20as%20of%2031%20March%2 02022_VSD%20Draft_JRV_CRD_rev_VSD%20updated_JRV_CRD_clean%20filesigned.pdf  
  26. Ponnanikajamideen, M., Rajeshkumar, S., Vanaja, M., & Annadurai, G. (2019). In Vivo Type 2 Diabetes and Woun d-Healing Effects of Antioxidant Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized Using the Insulin Plant Chamaecostus cuspidatus in Albino Rats. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 43(2), 82-89.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.05.006
  27. Pranata, R., Henrina, J., Raffaello, W. M., Lawrensia, S., & Huang, I. (2021). Diabetes and COVID-19: The past, the present, and the future. Metabolism, 121, 154814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154814
  28. Reynolds, A. G., Akerman, A. P., & Mann, J. (2020). Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses. PLOS Medicine, 17(3), e1003053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003053
  29. Robredo, J. P. G., & Cembrano, D. L. D. (2022). Out on a limb: living with diabetes in the Philippines during the pandemic. The Lancet Diabetes &Amp; Endocrinology, 10(11), 771–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00275-3
  30. Schmitt, A. (2022, January 13). A Self-Report Measure of Diabetes Self-Management for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire-Revised (DSMQ-R) – Clinimetric Evidence From Five Studies. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcdhc.2021.823046/full
  31. Standl, E., Khunti, K., Hansen, T. B., & Schnell, O. (2019). The global epidemics of diabetes in the 21st century: Current situation and perspectives. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 26(2_suppl), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319881021 
  32. Tazhbenova, S. T., Millere, I., Yermukhanova, L. S., Sultanova, G., Turebaev, M., & Sultanova, B. P. (2019). Effectiveness of diabetes mellitus management program at primary health care level. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 16(6), em172. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/115848 
  33. Tornese, G., Ceconi, V., Monasta, L., Carletti, C., Faleschini, E., & Barbi, E. (2020). Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During COVID-19 Quarantine and the Role of InHome Physical Activity. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 22(6), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0169
  34. World Health Organization: WHO. (2020, October 13). Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health and our food systems. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems
  35. Zupo, R., Castellana, F., Sardone, R., Sila, A., Giagulli, V. A., Triggiani, V., Cincione, R. I., Giannelli, G., & De Pergola, G. (2020). Preliminary Trajectories in Dietary Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Public Health Call to Action to Face Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197073

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic