Home⇛Science and Technology Journal⇛vol. 7 no. 1 (2017)

Gender Characterization of Biomass Energy Systems in Northern Philippines

Susan G. Aquino

Discipline: social sciences (non-specific)

 

Abstract:

This study sought to characterize the differentiated roles that men and women significantly play over time and space in the biomass energy systems (BES), particularly cookstove and biogas. This mapping endeavor proceeded from profiling the genders and concluded with constructing a spatio-temporal model to illustrate the gender map. The two sectors are dominated by male, full-time waged employees but o are involved in farming and fishing as an alternative source of income, and have a long experience of involvement in the biomass energy. Socially, most family belong to the high class characterized by ownership of house and lot, permanent dwelling and many household appliances; are Catholic, and generally have positive attitude towards BES. Geographically, the role-players reside in the rural lowlands. They have easy access to roads, transport vehicles and service facilities. Socio-politically, men are dominantly influenced by many members of the family and other influential persons outside the family in decision-making with regards to BES activities. There is a contrast in the gender role profile between the cookstove and the biogas systems. The cookstove system is female-dominated, especially in the roles of marketing. In contrast, the biogas system is a male-dominated system, both on the roles of building and utilization. Only one from among the male respondents is a male builder and the rest are male users of the biogas systems. This is so because of the so-called masculine labor that is involved in building a biogas plant. In the cookstove sector, the fabricators and at the same time sellers of the cookstove are all females because their husbands have other jobs, thus, cookstove-making and selling are left to their wives. Children in the family help the mothers/women in the manufacture of cookstoves.



References:

  1. Aittomaki, A., Lahelma, E. Roos, Leino-Arjas, P., Martikainen, P. (2005). Gender Differences in the Association of Age with Physical Workload and Functioning. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. . BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
  2. Aquino, S.G. (2002). Utilization of Biogas in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur: Its Impact to the Users. Unpublished Masters thesis, Graduate School Mariano Marcos State University.
  3. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  4. _____________ (1999). Social Cognitive theory of Personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Publications.
  5. Batliwala, S. and Reddy, A.K. (1996). Energy for Women & Women for Energy: Engendering Energy and Empowering Women, Brainstorming Meeting of ENERGIA: Women and Energy Network, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, June 4–1996.
  6. _____________ . (1996). Gender Analysis Tools, Wood Energy News, Vol. 10 (2).
  7. Caluya, M. P. (1994). Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts of Selected Farming Systems in the Quiaoit River Watershed in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, UPLB, Los Baños, Laguna. Cecelski, W.E. (1995). From Rio to Beijing: Engendering the Energy Debate, Energy Policy, Vol. 23.
  8. ____________________. (2000). The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Bolder, Colorado, USA.
  9. ____________________. (2000). The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development’. NREL Report NREL/SR-550-26889. USA Clancy, J. S. (1999). Policies, Projects and the Market, Empowering Women. Some Initial Reactions to Development in the Energy Sector, Technology and Development Group, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
  10. Curry, T.E., Reinier, D.M. de Figueiredo, M.A., Herzog, H.J. (2005). A Survey of Public Attitudes Towards Energy and Environment in Great Britain.
  11. Divine-Wright P. (2005). Local Aspects of Renewable Energy Development in the UK: Public Beliefs and Policy Implications. Local Environment, 10(1), 57-69.
  12. Dutta, S. (1997). ‘Role of Women in Rural Energy Programs: Issues, Problems and Opportunities’, ENERGIA NEWS , Vol. 1 (4).
  13. Farhar, Barbara C. (2000). The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development. NREL/SR-550-26889.
  14. Gallie, D. Marsh, C., and Vogler, C. (1994). Social Change and the Experience of Unemployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  15. Giacomo, R.M., Fernan, L. and Siar, S.V. (1998). Resource Mapping: Participatory methods in community-based coastal resource management. IRR 3 Vols. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines.
  16. Gonsoulin, M. (2005). Women’s Rights and Women’s Rites: Religion at the Historical Root of Gender Stratification. An Electronic Journal of Sociology
  17. Gotangco, J. (2000). Factors related to the Participation of Zanjera members in Organizational activities. MMSU, Batac.
  18. Hunt, J. (2000). ‘Gender and Economic Governance, Development Bulletin, no. 51, pp. 33
  19. Hyun-Mi, Kim. (2005). Gender and Individual Space-Time Accessibility: A GIS-based Geocomputational Approach Dissertation. Graduate School of The Ohio State University.
  20. Ignacio, K.A. (2004). Attitudes and Involvement of Women in Community Development. MMSU-CAS, Batac, IN
  21. Lee, S. and Shaw, L. (2003). Gender and Economic Security in Retirement Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
  22. Leimbach, D. (2012) The Goal: Using Cookstoves to Change Women’s Lives http://www.passblue.com/2012/06/15/the-goal-is-to-use-cookstoves-to-change-womens-
  23.  
  24. Kohlberg, L. (1966). A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children’s Sex-Role Concepts and Attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp.82-173). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
  25. Martin, C.L. and Halverson, C.F. (1981). A Schematic Processing Model of Sex Typing and Stereotyping in Children. Child Development, 52, 1119-1134
  26. Martori, J.C. And Hoberg, K. (2008). “Nuevas Técnicas de estadística espacial para la detección de clusters residenciales de población inmigrante”. Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona.
  27. Sengendo, M. (2007). Energy, Gender and Development: A Contribution to Rural Electrification. A Discussion during the Rural Electrification Workshop Organized by CREEC.
  28. Sudarshan, R.M. (2004). Towards Integration, Gender and Economic Policy. The International Development Research Center, Science for Humanities (IDRC) Riley, Maria. 1995. The non-monetized, invisible contribution of women is US$11 trillion a year
  29. Smith, K. R. (1999). “Indoor Air Pollution”, Pollution Management in Focus, Discussion Note No. 4, August 1999. World Bank, Washington.
  30. Toke, D. (2005). Explaining wind power planning outcomes: Some findings from a study in England and Wales. Energy Policy. UNDP. (1997). Energy After Rio: Prospects and Challenges, New York: UNDP, 176 pp.
  31. _________ (2001)a. Gender In Development Programme, Learning & Information Pack: Gender Analysis. United Nations Development Programme
  32. Upham, P. amd Shackley, S. 2006. Stakeholder opinion of a proposed 21.5MWe biomass gasifier in Winkleigh, Devon: implications for bioenergy planning and policy. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 8(1), 45-66.
  33. Vargas, D.S., Porciuncula, L.F., Kollin, E.W. (2004). Gender Training Manual for Development Workers in Crop-Animal System. ISBN 971-705-098-8.
  34. Vorkinn, M. and Hiese, H. (2001). Environmental Concern in a Local Context: The Significance of Place Attachment. Environment and Behaviour, 33, 249-263
  35. WEC and FAO. 1999. The Challenge of Rural Energy Poverty in Developing Countries, World Energy

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic