Philippine E-Journals

Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for a Resilient Rice-Based Production System: The Case of the Zanjera Farmers in Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Criselda M. Balisacan | Constante B. Julian | Lory B. Rafael | Susan G. Aquino | Erle Stanley G. Damaso | Corazon A. Sabuco | Lagrimas J. Flojo

Discipline: Agriculture

 

Abstract:

Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a top priority for the Philippine government in addressing the impacts of the changing climate, particularly within the agriculture sector, where rice-based production holds immense significance as farmers' primary livelihood and rice is a staple for Filipinos. However, most CCA strategies adopt a generalized perspective, overlooking the importance of location- and context-specific considerations. This research explored and examined Iloko farmers' common observations of climate change, their adaptation to its impacts on rice-based production, and the local government units (LGUs) programs and strategies to reduce the impacts. Employing a cross-sectional research design, primary data was gathered through interviews with 106 Zanjera farmers in the rice-growing areas within the Padsan River Basin (PRB) and 24 key informants from the LGU. Qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, supplemented the research. Over the past five years, the deviation in rainfall and temperature emerged as a primary basis for farmers adjusting their rice production activities and cropping calendars. Rainfall onset, pattern, and distribution influenced land preparation timing. Farmer respondents also shifted to more climate-resilient rice cultivars. In times of water scarcity, Zanjera farmers constructed indigenous diversion dams (Arbeng) to sustain rice production, considering it a resilient adaptation strategy. The LGUs addressed these challenges through key adaptation strategies, including rice seed loan assistance, dam repair, and infrastructure rehabilitation. Planning and designing CCA programs prioritized relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency. Provision of sustained irrigation infrastructure, alternative livelihood, and crop insurance to augment rice production losses are among the programs that will help strengthen Zanjera farmers' adaptive capacity and increase rice-based production system resiliency.