HomeInternational Journal of Transformative Multidisciplinary Studiesvol. 2 no. 2 (2026)

A Probability-Driven Decision Support Tool for Forex Trading: A Binomial Distribution Analysis of Winning Trades and Profit Outcomes

Christian Anthony R. Flores

Discipline: business studies

 

Abstract:

1 La Consolacion University, Philippines * doc.chrisflores@gmail. com Volume 2, Issue 2, June 2026 Foreign exchange trading is characterized by high uncertainty, nonlinear price movements, and asymmetric risk exposure, posing persistent challenges for institutional decision-makers. This study develops and evaluates a probability-driven decision support framework grounded in binomial distribution theory to examine how probabilistic modeling of winning trade occurrences relates to perceived profit outcomes and decision quality among professional foreign exchange practitioners. Using a quantitative explanatory research design, cross-sectional survey data were collected from 214 institutional practitioners, including chief investment officers, chief equity strategists, chief investment strategists, forex fund managers, and professional traders employed in Philippine banks, securities firms, and financial institutions. The proposed framework models trading outcomes as binary events and estimates winning trade probabilities using binomial probability principles to support disciplined decision- making and risk calibration. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the probability-driven decision support approach is positively associated with winning trade probability assessment (β = 0.61, p < .001), trade execution discipline (β = 0.56, p < .001), and perceived profit outcomes (β = 0.59, p < .001). These findings suggest that institutional practitioners who incorporate probability- based analytical frameworks report greater consistency in trade evaluation and execution decisions. The study contributes to the literature by extending the application of binomial probability modeling to institutional foreign Flores, IJTMS, 2 (2), 372-396, 2026 373 exchange decision support and by providing an interpretable analytical framework that complements existing quantitative trading approaches in emerging market financial institutions.



References:

  1. Alalwan, A. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., & Simintiras, A. C. (2022). Decision support systems adoption in financial services: A systematic review. International Journal of Information Management, 62, 102439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102439
  2. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). http://faculty.tamuc.edu/jdavis/tmgt/335/252/TMGT335-252-Syllabus.pdf
  3. Ayitey Junior, R. K., Addo, P. M., & Nketiah-Amponsah, E. (2023). Forex market forecasting using machine learning: A systematic literature review. Journal of Big Data, 10(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-022-00676-2
  4. Bank for International Settlements. (2022). Triennial central bank survey: Global foreign exchange market turnover. https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22.htm
  5. Bank for International Settlements. (2023). Annual economic report 2023. https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2023e.htm
  6. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. (2024). Annual report 2024. https://www.bsp.gov.ph
  7. Barberis, N. (2018). Psychology-based models of asset prices and trading volume. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(3), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3177616
  8. Cohn, J. B., Liu, Z., & Wardlaw, M. I. (2022). Count and count-like data in finance. Journal of Financial Economics, 146(2), 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.08.004
  9. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3784840
  10. Csaszar, F. A., Katila, R., & Puranam, P. (2024). Artificial intelligence and strategic decision-making. Strategy Science. https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2024.0190
  11. Dai, M., Nucci, F., Pozzolo, A. F., & Xu, J. (2021). Access to finance and the exchange rate elasticity of exports. Journal of International Money and Finance, 115, 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102386
  12. Dess, G. G., & Robinson, R. B. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050306
  13. Díaz, J. D., Hansen, E., & Cabrera, G. (2025). Forecasting the volatility of US oil and gas firms with machine learning. Journal of Forecasting, 44(4), 1383–1402. https://doi.org/10.1002/for.3245
  14. Dimitriadis, T., Gneiting, T., & Jordan, A. I. (2021). Stable reliability diagrams for probabilistic classifiers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8), e2016191118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016191118
  15. Dimitriadis, T., Gneiting, T., Jordan, A. I., & Vogel, P. (2024). Evaluating probabilistic classifiers: The triptych. International Journal of Forecasting, 40(3), 1101–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2023.09.007
  16. Enkhbayar, S., & Úlepaczuk, R. (2024). Predictive modeling of foreign exchange trading signals using machine learning techniques (Working Paper No. 2024-10). University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences. https://www.wne.uw.edu.pl/download_file/4308/0
  17. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
  18. Flores, C. A. (2025a). Financial freedom of Filipinos in personal finance management. Pantao International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.69651/PIJHSS040107
  19. Flores, C. A. (2025b). Developing a microfinance practices framework to address barriers: An analysis of effective implementation among credit committee personnel in selected cooperatives in Cavite. Business Fora: Business and Allied Industries International Journal, 4(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.62718/vmca.bf-baiij.4.1.SC-0125-025
  20. Flores, C. A. (2026a). Algorithmic credit, digital financial literacy, and institutional safeguards: Evidence from digital lending adoption in an emerging market. Business Fora: Business and Allied Industries International Journal, 6(2), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.62718/vmca.bf-baiij.6.2.SC-1225-021
  21. Flores, C. A. (2026b). Algorithmic inclusion paradox access expansion, capability erosion, and financial precarity in digital banking environments: A capability-governance framework. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2026.003
  22. Flores, C. A. (2026c). The financial–psychological nexus in education framework: An algorithmic mediation model of capability, resilience, and learning outcomes. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 52(9), 1078–1090. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.520906
  23. Flores, C. A. (2026d). The inclusion–risk paradox in FinTech and InsurTech: Effects of algorithmic access expansion, opacity, and regulatory safeguards. Journal of Information Technology, Cybersecurity, and Artificial Intelligence, 3(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.70715/jitcai.2026.v3.i1.045
  24. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  25. Gao, M., Leung, H., Liu, L., & Qiu, B. (2023). Consumer behaviour and credit supply: Evidence from an Australian FinTech lender. Finance Research Letters, 57, 104205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104205
  26. Gigerenzer, G., & Gaissmaier, W. (2011). Heuristic decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 451–482. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346
  27. Gneiting, T., & Katzfuss, M. (2014). Probabilistic forecasting. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, 1, 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-062713-085831
  28. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
  29. Hair, J. F., & Sabol, M. A. (2025). Overview of multivariate data analysis. In International encyclopedia of statistical science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-69359-9_20
  30. Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MglQEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&ots=gGKc3rfUMw&sig=ERPHnDBOLw_bbkG-dbXuKcxKvH0
  31. Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
  32. Hull, J. C. (2024). Options, futures, and other derivatives (11th ed.). Pearson. https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/options-futures-and-otherderivatives/P200000003479
  33. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. https://grahamseibert.com/Reviews/Psychometric/thinking%20fast%20and%20slow.pdf
  34. Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed.). Guilford Press. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/csp/index.php/csp/article/download/29418/21439
  35. Kwon, O., Lee, N., & Shin, B. (2014). Data quality management, data usage experience and acquisition intention of big data analytics. International Journal of Information Management, 34(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.02.002
  36. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed-method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  37. Risser, M. D., & Calder, C. A. (2015). Regression-based covariance functions for nonstationary spatial modeling. Environmetrics, 26, 284–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.2336
  38. Shrestha, Y. R., Ben-Menahem, S. M., & von Krogh, G. (2019). Organizational decision-making structures in the age of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 61(4), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619862257
  39. Tang, W., & Tang, F. (2023). The Poisson–binomial distribution: Old and new. Statistical Science, 38(1), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1214/22-STS852
  40. Wall, T. D., Michie, J., Patterson, M., Wood, S. J., Sheehan, M., Clegg, C. W., & West, M. (2007). On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02485.x
  41. Wooldridge, J. M. (2020). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://www.cengage.com/c/introductory-econometrics-a-modern-approach-7e-wooldridge/9781337558860/